Deep Space Astronomy, The Lunar Economy & Space Governance: JWST MoM-z14 Galaxy, Artemis Accords & Kessler Syndrome Mitigation

Which ultra-early galaxy discovered by the James Webb Space Telescope existed merely 280 million years after the Big Bang at redshift z ~ 14?

What emerging astrophysical term was proposed to describe mysterious early-universe luminous objects resembling supermassive stars but powered by direct-collapse black holes?

In which year was the foundational Outer Space Treaty (Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space) opened for signature?

What is the name of the hypothetical self-sustaining cascading collision scenario of space debris in low Earth orbit proposed by NASA scientist Donald Kessler?

In which year did India officially sign the US-led Artemis Accords for peaceful and sustainable space and lunar exploration?

What is the name of the rival international lunar exploration initiative jointly led by China and Russia to establish a permanent Moon base by the 2030s?

Which rare non-radioactive isotope embedded in the lunar regolith is widely sought as an ideal fuel for potential future aneutronic clean nuclear fusion reactors?

Which article of the 1967 Outer Space Treaty explicitly prohibits national appropriation of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies, by claim of sovereignty?

What is the new post-mission orbital lifetime limit recommended by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) for satellites in LEO to mitigate orbital debris?

With reference to the Outer Space Treaty of 1967, consider the following statements: 1. It prohibits the placement of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in Earth orbit or on celestial bodies. 2. It prohibits sovereign military personnel from conducting scientific research in outer space under any circumstances. 3. It affirms that outer space is free for exploration and use by all states without discrimination. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the Artemis Accords: 1. They are non-binding bilateral political commitments grounded in the 1967 Outer Space Treaty. 2. They introduce the concept of 'Safety Zones' around lunar operational sites to prevent harmful interference. 3. The Artemis Accords establish a mandatory universal sovereign tax on all commercial lunar mining profits payable to the UN. Which of the statements given above are correct?

With reference to the 1979 Moon Agreement, consider the following statements: 1. It explicitly designates the Moon and its natural resources as the 'Common Heritage of Mankind'. 2. It requires the establishment of an international regime to govern the equitable sharing of benefits derived from lunar exploitation. 3. All major spacefaring nations, including the United States, Russia, and China, have fully ratified the Moon Agreement. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the phenomena of Redshift in astronomical spectroscopy: 1. Redshift occurs when light emitted from an astronomical object is shifted toward longer wavelengths due to the expansion of space. 2. A higher cosmological redshift (z) corresponds to an object observed further back in cosmic time closer to the Big Bang. 3. Redshift is solely observed when an astronomical body is directly travelling towards the observer at supersonic velocity. Which of the statements given above are correct?

With reference to Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and orbital debris removal technologies, consider the following statements: 1. SSA involves tracking, characterizing, and predicting the orbital trajectories of active satellites and derelict debris. 2. Active Debris Removal (ADR) concepts include magnetic docking, robotic harpoons, laser ablation, and de-orbit drag sails. 3. Space debris in low Earth orbit naturally vanishes within 24 hours due to zero gravitational interaction with Earth. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the 1972 Convention on International Liability for Damage Caused by Space Objects (Liability Convention): 1. A launching State is absolutely liable to pay compensation for damage caused by its space object on the surface of the Earth or to aircraft in flight. 2. In the event of damage caused elsewhere than on the surface of the Earth (such as in orbit), liability is fault-based. 3. The Liability Convention has been invoked only once in international history, regarding the crash of the Soviet satellite Cosmos 954 in Canada. Which of the statements given above are correct?