The principal commercial ores of iron are Hematite (Fe2O3), Magnetite (Fe3O4), Limonite, and Siderite. Hematite and Magnetite are the primary sources used in blast furnace ironmaking.

• Petrology: Igneous rocks (such as basalt and granite) are formed directly from the cooling, crystallization, and solidification of molten magma below the surface (intrusive) or lava on the surface (extrusive).

A Cut Motion is a parliamentary tool available exclusively to Lok Sabha members during the discussion on Demands for Grants to propose a reduction in the expenditure sought by the government in the Union Budget.

King George V officially announced the transfer of the capital of British India from Calcutta to Delhi on 12 December 1911 at the Delhi Durbar during the viceroyalty of Lord Hardinge II (with the formal administrative shift taking effect in 1912).

The 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 (effective January 2020) abolished the provision under Article 331 for nominating two Anglo-Indian members to the Lok Sabha and under Article 333 to State Legislative Assemblies.

The 13th Ministerial Conference (MC13) of the World Trade Organization was held from 26 February to 1 March 2024 in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.

• Tennis Grand Slam 2024: Spain's Carlos Alcaraz won the Men's Singles title at the 2024 French Open (Roland Garros), defeating Germany's Alexander Zverev in a five-set final on 9 June 2024.

Following changes made ahead of recent elections, voters above 85 years of age can avail the optional postal ballot / home voting facility.

In the Union Budget 2024–25 speech, the strategy for achieving 'Atmanirbharta' (self-reliance) in oilseeds specifically covered five oilseeds—mustard, groundnut, sesame, soybean, and sunflower—excluding coconut.

In the reactivity series of metals, copper (Cu) is more reactive than silver (Ag) and therefore displaces silver from silver nitrate solution: Cu + 2AgNO3 → Cu(NO3)2 + 2Ag.

• Human Digestion: The parietal (oxyntic) cells in the gastric mucosa of the human stomach secrete concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl), creating an acidic pH (1.5–3.5) that activates pepsinogen into pepsin and kills ingested microbes.

• Spiritual & Social Mission: The Ramakrishna Mission was established on May 1, 1897 at Belur Math by Swami Vivekananda to propagate the universal spiritual teachings of his guru Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and engage in humanitarian service.

• Wildlife Conservation: India's and Asia's first National Dolphin Research Centre (NDRC) was inaugurated on 4 March 2024 on the banks of the River Ganga within the Patna University campus in Patna, Bihar.

Article 102(1)(a) of the Indian Constitution states that a person shall be disqualified for being chosen as, and for being, a Member of either House of Parliament if he holds any office of profit under the Government of India or any State Government.

In June 2024, China became the first country in the world to retrieve rock and soil samples from the far (dark) side of the Moon through its Chang'e-6 lunar mission from the South Pole-Aitken basin.

Moving from North to South across the Trans-Himalayas and Lesser Himalayas, the mountain ranges lie in the exact sequence: Karakoram Range (1), Ladakh Range (2), Zaskar Range (3), and Pir Panjal Range (4).

Official Key: Option (A) is the verified correct answer for BPSC Prelims 2024.

• Quit India Movement 1942: Mahatma Gandhi proclaimed the historic mantra 'Karo ya Maro' (Do or Die) during his historic speech at the Gowalia Tank Maidan in Bombay on 8 August 1942 while launching the Quit India Movement.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi inaugurated the 2,312-km submarine optical fibre cable project connecting Chennai and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands (CANI) on August 10, 2020.

• Nationalist Literature: Sri Aurobindo Ghosh wrote the famous series of nine critical articles titled 'New Lamps for Old' in the journal Indu Prakash in 1893–94, offering a biting critique of the Moderate Congress policy of 'prayer, petition, and protest'.

• Elections 2024: Members of the isolated Shompen tribe (a PVTG of Great Nicobar Island) exercised their franchise for the first time in history at polling station 411 in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands parliamentary constituency.

Sweden officially joined NATO on March 7, 2024, ending more than 200 years of neutrality.

An odometer measures the total distance travelled by a vehicle, whereas a speedometer measures its instantaneous speed.

The Muslim League led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah observed Direct Action Day on 16 August 1946 to press their demand for a separate Muslim homeland (Pakistan), resulting in widespread communal rioting in Calcutta.

India emerged as the world's second-largest manufacturer of mobile phones (after China), with domestic production boosted by the Production Linked Incentive (PLI) scheme.

The 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976 added three new words—'Socialist', 'Secular', and 'Integrity'—to the Preamble of the Indian Constitution.

Sir J.J. Thomson in 1904 proposed the first formal scientific model of the atom, famously known as the 'plum pudding' or 'watermelon' model, following his 1897 discovery of the electron, picturing negatively charged electrons embedded within a positively charged sphere.

Under use-based classification of the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) in FY23, Capital Goods and Infrastructure/Construction Goods recorded strong double-digit/high single-digit growth driven by public capital expenditure.

The 91st Constitutional Amendment Act, 2003 inserted Article 75(1A) and Article 164(1A), restricting the total number of Ministers, including the Prime Minister or Chief Minister, to 15% of the total strength of the Lok Sabha or State Legislative Assembly.

Correct Answer: Option (D) — 3 (1 veto against: US; 2 abstentions: UK and Switzerland; 12 in favor) • UN Security Council Vote: On 18 April 2024, the UN Security Council voted on the resolution to grant full UN membership to Palestine. Twelve members voted in favor, 1 voted against (US veto), and 2 abstained (UK and Switzerland), making a total of 3 members who either rejected or abstained.

Ruchira Kamboj (1987-batch IFS officer), who retired in June 2024 as the first woman Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations in New York, previously served as the Permanent Representative of India to UNESCO in Paris (2014–2017).

John Dalton's atomic theory (1808) successfully explained the laws of chemical combination—namely the Law of Conservation of Mass, Law of Constant Composition, and Law of Multiple Proportions—whereas radioactivity was discovered much later by Henri Becquerel in 1896.

Correct Answer: Option (B) — State Legislature • Audit of Panchayat Accounts: Article 243J provides that the Legislature of a State may, by law, make provisions with respect to the maintenance of accounts by the Panchayats and the auditing of such accounts.

• Energy Conservation: PCRA (Petroleum Conservation Research Association) is a registered society set up under the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, Government of India, promoting efficient use of petroleum products.

• Constitutional Authority: Under Article 192 of the Constitution of India, questions regarding the disqualification of members of a State Legislature under Article 191(1) (other than the 10th Schedule anti-defection) are referred to and decided by the Governor, acting in consultation with the Election Commission of India.

• Veterinary Pathology: Anthrax, caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis, is also known as splenic fever or charbon because it causes acute splenomegaly (severe enlargement and darkening of the spleen) in cattle and sheep.

• Farazi Movement: Founded in 1819 in Eastern Bengal by Haji Shariatullah to advocate Islamic religious reform and defend peasant tenant rights against oppressive zamindars.

Swami Sahajanand Saraswati edited and published 'Lok Sangraha' (and later 'Hunkar') from Patna to voice peasant grievances against the Zamindari system.

In ORUX (15, 18, 21, 24), JMPS (10, 13, 16, 19), and CFIL (3, 6, 9, 12), the step difference between consecutive letters is uniformly +3. In PSVX (16, 19, 22, 24), the final step between V (22) and X (24) is +2 instead of +3 (which would be Y = 25). Hence, PSVX is the odd group out.

• CRISIL Bond Market Projections: In its comprehensive bond market study, CRISIL Ratings projected that India's corporate bond market will double from ₹43 lakh crore to over ₹100–120 lakh crore by FY 2030 driven by infrastructure financing.

The Khaksar movement was founded by Allama Inayatullah Khan Mashriqi (1931), the Congress Socialist Party by Jayaprakash Narayan and Acharya Narendra Dev (1934), the Independent Labour Party by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar (1936), and the All India Forward Bloc by Subhash Chandra Bose (1939).

Commonwealth Games gold medallist shooter Shreyasi Singh was elected to the Bihar Legislative Assembly from the Jamui constituency in 2020 and represented India in women's trap shooting at the 2024 Paris Olympics.

• Judicial Appointments: Justice N. Kotiswar Singh was serving as the Chief Justice of the High Court of Jammu & Kashmir and Ladakh prior to his elevation to the Supreme Court of India on 18 July 2024, becoming the first Supreme Court judge from Manipur.

According to the 2011 Census, among the given districts of Bihar, Katihar had the highest proportion of Scheduled Tribe population at 5.86%, followed by Jamui (4.48%), Banka (4.44%), and Purnia (4.27%).

• Thermodynamics: Reaction of quicklime with water (CaO + H₂O → Ca(OH)₂ + Heat) and dilution of concentrated acid release immense heat (exothermic). Evaporation and sublimation absorb heat (endothermic).

• Bihar Economic Geography: Bhagalpur is globally famous as 'Silk City' (Silk Textile); Jamui has India's largest gold ore reserves (Gold); Madhepura hosts the Electric Locomotive Factory; Vaishali is known for commercial floriculture and banana cultivation.

Venus has a sidereal rotation period (one day) of about 243 Earth days, which is longer than its orbital period around the Sun (one year) of about 225 Earth days.

• Constitutional Provision: Under Article 200 of the Constitution of India, the Governor may return a bill (other than a Money Bill) together with a message requesting reconsideration 'as soon as possible'. However, no specific time frame or deadline is prescribed by the Constitution.

King Bhaskaravarman of the Varman dynasty ruled Kamarupa (ancient Assam) during Emperor Harshavardhana's reign and was his close diplomatic ally against Shashanka of Gauda.

The Royal Commission on Indian Finance and Currency was appointed in April 1913 under the chairmanship of Sir Joseph Austen Chamberlain to inquire into the Indian currency system and gold exchange standard. Noted economist John Maynard Keynes served as a member.

Paris, the capital of France, is situated on the banks of the River Seine, whereas Belgrade and Budapest lie on the Danube and Lisbon lies on the Tagus.

• Olympic Wrestling: Aman Sehrawat qualified for the 2024 Paris Olympics in the men's 57 kg freestyle category at Istanbul, Turkey, and went on to win the bronze medal in Paris, becoming India's youngest individual Olympic medalist.

Correct Answer: Option (B) — Fungi (also Ferns/Algae; Fungi coat is classic spore former) • Biological Reproduction: Spore formation is a common asexual reproduction method in fungi (such as Rhizopus/bread mould, Penicillium, and Mucor) as well as non-flowering plants like ferns and mosses.

The 27th session of the Indian National Congress, held at Bankipore (Patna) in December 1912, was presided over by Rao Bahadur Raghunath Narasinha Mudholkar (with Sachchidananda Sinha as secretary).

By tracking his movements, Gaurav ends up 60 meters west of his original starting position (40m west + 20m west).

According to the Economic Survey 2023–24, the sectoral shares in India's Gross Value Added (GVA) at current prices in FY24 were 17.7% for Agriculture and Allied activities, 27.6% for Industry, and 54.7% for Services.

Corundum (Al2O3) and Cryolite (Na3AlF6), along with Bauxite, are important mineral ores of Aluminium.

A technopolis (technopole) is a high-technology industrial and research cluster where semiconductor, software, and R&D firms are concentrated; Silicon Valley in California is the classic global example.

Gases can be liquefied by cooling them below their critical temperature (low temperature reduces kinetic energy of molecules) and compressing them (high pressure brings molecules closer together).

The Constituent Assembly of India formally adopted the National Flag of independent India (designed by Pingali Venkayya) on 22 July 1947.

• Parallel Governments 1942: During Quit India Movement, parallel governments were set up: Jatiya Sarkar in Tamluk (Midnapore, Bengal), Prati Sarkar in Satara (Nana Patil, Maharashtra), and Praja Mandal/independent government in Talcher (Odisha). No 'Raiyati Sarkar' was formed in Kheda.

• UNESCO Creative Cities: On 23 June 2024, Kozhikode in Kerala was officially declared India's first UNESCO 'City of Literature', celebrating its rich literary tradition and numerous celebrated writers and publishers.

Plasma is the pale-yellow fluid extracellular matrix of human blood, constituting approximately 55% of total blood volume. It is composed of 90%–92% water, 6%–8% proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen), and dissolved electrolytes and nutrients.

Chennai Port on the Coromandel Coast is one of the oldest artificial, all-weather ports in India, whereas Mumbai, Mormugao, and Kochi are natural harbours.

Mohammad Wali Hassan authored the Urdu booklet 'Gharib Hindustan', exposing colonial economic exploitation of Indian peasants, which was forfeited and banned by the British government in Bihar in June 1930 during the Civil Disobedience Movement.

Technetium (atomic number 43, symbol Tc), discovered by Carlo Perrier and Emilio Segrè in 1937 by bombarding molybdenum atoms with deuterons, was the first artificially produced chemical element.

The Government of Bihar introduced a dedicated 'Green Budget' for the first time in the financial year 2020–21 to track and earmark budgetary allocations addressing climate change, ecology, and Jal-Jeevan-Hariyali initiatives.

In Shivaji's Ashta Pradhan council, Sachiva (Shurunavis) was in charge of royal correspondence (A-2), Peshwa was the Prime Minister (B-1), Samant/Sumant (Dabir) was the Foreign Minister (C-4), and Amatya (Mazumdar) was the Finance Minister (D-3).

On 21 October 1943 in Singapore, Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose proclaimed the formation of the Provisional Government of Free India (Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind). It received diplomatic recognition from 9 countries: Japan, Germany, Italy, Croatia, Burma, Thailand, National Government of China (Nanjing), Philippines, and Manchukuo.

• Ancient Magadha: King Bimbisara (c. 544–492 BCE) established the Haryanka dynasty with Rajagriha (Girivraja) as its capital and laid the foundations of Magadhan imperial expansion.

Since 1996 is a leap year, February has 29 days; the number of days from February 1 to March 3 is 28 + 3 = 31 days, which gives 31 mod 7 = 3 odd days, and Wednesday + 3 days = Saturday.

• Cropping Seasons: Zaid is the short summer cropping season (March to June between Rabi and Kharif), primarily producing quick-growing seasonal fodder crops, watermelons, cucumbers, and vegetables. (Mustard and gram are Rabi; cotton is Kharif).

According to the Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) conducted by the NSSO, India's Female Labour Force Participation Rate (usual status, age 15 years and above) rose from 23.3% in 2017–18 to 37.0% in 2022–23.

• Imperial Legislation: The Royal Titles Act was passed by the British Parliament under Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli in 1876, officially proclaiming Queen Victoria as the 'Empress of India' (Kaisar-i-Hind), celebrated at Lord Lytton's 1877 Delhi Durbar.

Melamine-formaldehyde resin is a thermosetting plastic that, once moulded, forms cross-linked polymer chains and cannot be softened again by heating.

Replacing the operators with their assigned meanings gives: (8 × 6 ÷ 4) − 8 ÷ 4 = (48 ÷ 4) − 2 = 12 − 2 = 10.

Historian Dr. Phanindra Nath Ojha (P. N. Ojha) served as the General Editor of 'History of the Indian National Congress in Bihar, 1885–1985', published by the K. P. Jayaswal Research Institute, Patna in 1985.

According to Census 2011, the sex ratio of Bihar is 918 females per 1,000 males (compared to the national average of 943).

The Andes is the world's longest continental mountain range (about 7,000 km), extending continuously along the western coast of South America through seven countries.

The 'Chach Nama' (Fatehnama-i-Sindh), chronicling the Arab conquest of Sindh by Muhammad bin Qasim, was translated from Arabic into Persian in 1216 CE by Ali Kufi (Muhammad Ali bin Abu Bakr Kufi).

Infra-red (IR) radiation lamps are widely used in physical therapy because thermal IR waves penetrate skin tissue, improve local blood circulation, and relieve muscle stiffness and body aches.

The Nanda Dynasty, founded by Mahapadma Nanda around 344 BCE, succeeded the Shishunaga dynasty in Magadha and was later overthrown by Chandragupta Maurya in 321 BCE.

The cell is the fundamental structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms, capable of independent replication and metabolic activity.

On July 13, 2024, former US President Donald Trump survived an assassination attempt by Thomas Matthew Crooks while addressing a campaign rally near Butler in the state of Pennsylvania.

A soda-acid fire extinguisher contains sodium bicarbonate (baking soda, NaHCO3) solution and dilute sulphuric acid (H2SO4), which react upon mixing to rapidly liberate carbon dioxide (CO2) gas that extinguishes the fire.

The Mongoloid racial group is indigenous to East Asia and Central Asia, forming the predominant population of China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan.

The Bombay Plan of 1944 was authored by eight leading Indian industrialists—J. R. D. Tata, G. D. Birla, Purshottamdas Thakurdas, Lala Shri Ram, Kasturbhai Lalbhai, Ardeshir Dalal, A. D. Shroff, and John Mathai—and did not include Dhirubhai Ambani.

In July 2024, the Supreme Court quashed the Bihar government's July 2015 notification that merged the 'Tanti-Tantwa' community (from the Extremely Backward Classes list) with the 'Pan/Swasi' entry in the Scheduled Caste list, holding that only Parliament can alter the SC list under Article 341(2).

In the 19th-century triangular trade, the British East India Company grew opium in India (especially Bengal and Bihar) and exported it to China to pay for Chinese tea and silk imported into Britain.

The Munger Hilly region (Kharagpur Hills), composed of ancient Dharwar rock formations, forms part of the Southern Hilly/Plateau Fringe region of Bihar.

Reversing the letters of COMPUTER gives RETUPMOC, where keeping the first (R) and last (C) letters unchanged and advancing each middle letter by +1 produces RFUVQNPC; similarly, reversing MEDICINE gives ENICIDEM, and advancing the middle letters by +1 gives EOJDJEFM.

• Gujarat Campaign 1299: Malik Kafur (a slave general later nicknamed 'Hazar Dinari') was captured and purchased for 1,000 dinars in the slave market of Cambay by Alauddin Khilji's general Nusrat Khan during the Gujarat expedition.

• Historiographical Concept: Formulated by historian Bipan Chandra, the 'Struggle-Truce-Struggle' (S-T-S) strategy characterizes Gandhian nationalist campaigns where an active mass struggle is followed by a phase of truce/consolidation to recoup energies before the next wave.

Correct Answer: Option (C) — Phosphorus • Plant Nutrition: Phosphorus (P) in NPK fertilizers stimulates early root formation, rapid seedling establishment, and early vegetative growth.

• State Power Enterprise: The Bihar State Hydroelectric Power Corporation Limited (BHPC) was incorporated on March 31, 1982 to harness small and mini hydroelectric potential across the state.

• Inclusion & Gender Equality: In July 2024, Manvi Madhu Kashyap created history by becoming Bihar's first transgender Sub-Inspector of Police (Daroga) after passing the Bihar Police Subordinate Services Commission examination.

• Plant Biochemistry: The primary biochemical function of the green pigment chlorophyll in chloroplast thylakoid membranes is to absorb solar photon energy (mainly blue and red wavelengths) and transfer electrons to initiate the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

'I Have the Streets: A Kutti Cricket Story' (published in June 2024) is the autobiography of Indian off-spinner Ravichandran Ashwin, co-authored with cricket writer Sidharth Monga.

• Environmental Honors: Indian environmental activist Alok Shukla won the prestigious Goldman Environmental Prize 2024 (often termed the 'Green Nobel') from Asia for leading the Hasdeo Aranya movement to protect 445,000 acres of biodiverse forests from coal mining.

The Sonepur Cattle Fair (Harihar Kshetra Mela) is a month-long fair held annually starting on Kartik Purnima at Sonepur, Bihar, at the confluence of the Ganga and Gandak rivers.

In the arithmetic progression 14, 10, 6, 2, ..., the first term a = 14 and common difference d = -4. Thus, the 14th term is T₁₄ = a + (14 - 1)d = 14 + 13(-4) = 14 - 52 = -38.

Correct Answer: Option (D) — All of the above India's major coal reserves are concentrated in the Gondwana coalfields across Jharkhand (Jharia, Bokaro), Odisha (Talcher, Ib Valley), and Chhattisgarh (Korba, Mand-Raigarh). Together, these three states account for over 70% of India's total coal geological reserves.

• Sangam Age: The capital of the early Chera dynasty during the Sangam period was Vanji (modern Karur in Tamil Nadu / Kodungallur in Kerala).

Correct Answer: Option (A) — Comet • Planetary Astronomy: Comets revolve around the Sun in highly eccentric, elongated elliptical or parabolic orbits that carry them from the distant Kuiper Belt / Oort Cloud into the inner Solar System.

• Constitutional History: The 1935 Act established Provincial Autonomy and proposed an All-India Federation with dyarchy at the Centre, while abolishing provincial dyarchy.

According to the Bihar Economic Survey and official BPSC key, the agriculture and allied primary sector contributes approximately 26% (ranging between 20% and 26% across recent survey cycles) to Bihar's GSDP.

Deputy Chief Minister and Finance Minister Shri Samrat Choudhary presented the ₹2.78 lakh crore Bihar State Budget for the fiscal year 2024–25 in the Bihar Legislative Assembly on February 13, 2024.

. The duodenum of the small intestine receives bile produced by the liver (via the common bile duct) and pancreatic juices.

In its 2024–25 Monetary Policy statements, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) projected Consumer Price Index (CPI) headline inflation at 4.5% for the Financial Year 2024–25 (FY25).

Russia took over the chairmanship of BRICS on January 1, 2024.

Free Hindustan was started by Taraknath Das in 1908 (I-D), Indian Opinion by Mahatma Gandhi in South Africa in 1903 (II-A), Voice of India by Dadabhai Naoroji in 1883 (III-B), and The Bengalee was edited by Surendranath Banerjee (IV-C).

Following the proclamation issued on March 22, 1912 carving Bihar and Orissa out of the Bengal Presidency, the new province of Bihar and Orissa officially came into force on April 1, 1912.

• Clock Problems: The minute hand and hour hand of an analog clock coincide 11 times in every 12 hours (between 11:00 and 1:00 they coincide only once at 12:00). In a full 24-hour day, they coincide 11 × 2 = 22 times.

• Mechanics: Non-contact forces act at a distance without physical contact between objects. Magnetic force, gravitational force, and electrostatic force are classic non-contact forces, whereas friction and impact forces require contact.

• Defense Exercises: The 8th edition of the Japan-India Maritime Exercise (JIMEX-24) was hosted by the Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF) at Yokosuka, Japan in June 2024, with INS Shivalik participating.

Correct Answer: Option (A) — Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises • MSME Financing: CGTMSE stands for Credit Guarantee Fund Trust for Micro and Small Enterprises, jointly set up by the Ministry of MSME and SIDBI to provide collateral-free credit guarantees to MSEs.

The Ajivika sect founded by Makkhali Gosala believed in Niyati (absolute determinism/fate), held regular sabhas for community meetings, and rejected caste and class discrimination.

The Ghaghara (Sarayu) river enters Bihar in Saran district and merges with the Ganga near Chhapra, draining the northwestern plains of Bihar, whereas Mahanadi, Narmada, and Yamuna do not flow through Bihar.

According to the Bihar Economic Survey 2023–24, Bihar's Per Capita Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) at current prices for the fiscal year 2022–23 stood at ₹54,111 (increasing from ₹47,498 in 2021–22).

. Indian filmmaker Payal Kapadia won the prestigious Grand Prix at the 77th Cannes Film Festival in May 2024 for her drama film All We Imagine as Light, becoming the first Indian director to win this honor.

• Environmental Science: The combustion of fossil fuels (coal, petrol, diesel) in power plants, industrial boilers, and vehicles is the single largest primary source of air pollutants (PM₂.5}, PM₁₀, SO₂, NO_x, CO).

Evaluating the pattern relationships yields 22 as the consistent solution term.

Swadesh Sevak Home was founded by G.D. Kumar in Vancouver (I-A), United India House by Taraknath Das and G.D. Kumar in Seattle (II-B), Yugantar Ashram (Ghadar Party HQ) in San Francisco (III-C), and the INA headquarters was relocated to Rangoon in 1944 (IV-D).

By Ohm's Law, the potential difference V across the ends of a metallic wire is directly proportional to the current I flowing through it (V = IR), which gives the resistance R = V / I.

Takht Sri Harimandir Ji Patna Sahib is located in Patna City, Bihar, built by Maharaja Ranjit Singh to commemorate the birthplace of the tenth Sikh Guru, Guru Gobind Singh Ji, in 1666.

International Olympic Day is observed annually on June 23, and the official theme for 2024 was 'Let's Move and Celebrate' to inspire people worldwide to embrace physical activity ahead of the Paris 2024 Games.

Giriraj Singh was appointed as the Union Minister of Textiles in the Modi government following the 18th Lok Sabha elections.

The Minas Gerais state of Brazil (home to the Iron Quadrangle and Itabira mines) is one of the world's richest regions for high-grade iron ore deposits.

On 15 April 2024, the Emir of Kuwait appointed Sheikh Ahmad Abdullah Al-Ahmad Al-Sabah as the new Prime Minister of Kuwait.

In the Bihar Budget 2024–25 presented by Finance Minister Samrat Choudhary, the Education sector received the highest allocation of ₹52,639 crore (19.35% of the total budget), followed by Rural Development and Road Infrastructure.

Correct Answer: Option (C) — 104th • Constitutional Amendments: The 104th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2019 extended reservations for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in the Lok Sabha and State Assemblies for 10 years up to 2030, but chose not to extend nomination seats reserved for the Anglo-Indian community under Article 331 and Article 333.

The solar constant, representing the average solar electromagnetic radiation received per unit area at the top of Earth's atmosphere, is approximately 1.361 kW/m², or about 1.4 kW/m².

• RBI Guidelines April 2024: On 26 April 2024, the Reserve Bank of India released guidelines for on-tap transition of Small Finance Banks to Universal Banks, mandating a minimum net worth of ₹1,000 crore as at the end of the previous quarter.

Decomposition is the biological process by which decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down complex dead organic matter into simpler inorganic substances like carbon dioxide, water, and nutrients.

• Press History in Bihar: 'Sarvahitaisi' (Sarwa Hitaishi), started from Patna in 1890 under the editorship of Ram Deen Singh, is credited as the first Hindi daily newspaper published from Bihar.

Ismail Haniyeh, the political bureau chief of Hamas, was assassinated in Tehran, Iran on 31 July 2024 after attending the presidential inauguration.

• Strategic Infrastructure: The 14.15 km long Zoji-la Tunnel across the Zojila Pass on NH-1 will provide all-weather, year-round strategic connectivity between Srinagar (Kashmir Valley) and Leh (Ladakh).

In the Bhumivarga section of Amarasimha's Sanskrit lexicon Amarakosha (Gupta period), land is classified into twelve types including Urvara (fertile), Maru (desert), Shadvala (grassy), and Devamatrika (rain-fed). Hence, all four pairs are correctly matched.

Eighteen-year-old Arti from Bahraich district, Uttar Pradesh, is a pink e-rickshaw driver under the government's Pink E-Rickshaw initiative who received the Prince's Trust Amal Clooney Women's Empowerment Award in London in May 2024.

The Union Budget 2024–25 listed nine priorities for 'Viksit Bharat': Agriculture, Employment & Skilling, Inclusive HRD & Social Justice, Manufacturing & Services, Urban Development, Energy Security, Infrastructure, Innovation/R&D, and Next Generation Reforms; 'Sustainable Development' is not listed as one of the nine.

• Electromagnetism: Magnetic Lorentz force is F = I L B \sin\theta \implies B = (F) / (I L). Therefore, the SI unit of magnetic field, 1 Tesla (T), is equivalent to 1 Newton per ampere-meter (N / (A · m)).

• State Politics: Mohan Charan Majhi was elected as the 15th Chief Minister of Odisha following the 2024 elections from the Keonjhar (ST) assembly constituency.