Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a third copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21).

The National Health Policy 2017 prioritized 7 cross-sectoral action areas including Swachh Bharat, Yatri Suraksha, and Nirbhaya Nari; Annapurna Scheme was not among them.

Excessive consumption of Khesari dal (Lathyrus sativus) containing the neurotoxin ODAP causes neurolathyrism, leading to paralysis of the lower limbs.

On 15 February 2017, ISRO's Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle PSLV-C37 created a historic world record by successfully launching 104 satellites in a single mission.

The thickness of stratospheric ozone layer is measured in Dobson Units (DU), where 1 DU corresponds to a thickness of 0.01 mm at STP.

The human cervical spine consists of exactly 7 cervical vertebrae (C1 through C7) situated in the neck region.

India's first interplanetary mission, the Mars Orbiter Mission (Mangalyaan), was successfully launched by ISRO on 5th November 2013 aboard PSLV-C25.

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act was enacted by the Indian Parliament in 1974 to provide for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining of wholesomeness of water.

SDG 1 is No Poverty, SDG 2 is Zero Hunger, and SDG 9 is Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure under the 17 UN Sustainable Development Goals.

Biomagnification is the progressive increase in the concentration of persistent non-biodegradable toxins (like DDT and mercury) at successively higher trophic levels.

Electronic Voting Machines (EVMs) were first deployed experimentally in India in 1982 in the Paravur constituency in Kerala.

The historic elephant symbol was officially allocated to the Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) founded by Manyavar Kanshi Ram in 1984.

Under Section 11 of the CAG's (DPC) Act 1971, the Comptroller and Auditor General is responsible for compiling and maintaining the accounts of the Union and States.

The Supreme Court of India was inaugurated on 28th January 1950, two days after India became a sovereign democratic republic.

Under Article 127 of the Constitution of India, an ad-hoc Judge of the Supreme Court is appointed by the Chief Justice of India with the prior consent of the President.

Kanaiyalal Maneklal Munshi (K.M. Munshi) was an eminent jurist and member of the 7-member Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly headed by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

Under Section 3(2) of the Central Vigilance Commission Act 2003, the Commission consists of a Central Vigilance Commissioner and not more than two Vigilance Commissioners.

The Madhya Pradesh State Food Commission is established in accordance with the provisions of Section 16 of the National Food Security Act (NFSA), 2013.

Article 320 of the Constitution of India delineates the functions and constitutional advisory duties of the Public Service Commissions.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 added the Eleventh Schedule (Article 243G) containing 29 functional items for Panchayati Raj institutions.

The 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act 1992 added the Eleventh Schedule containing 29 functional items for Panchayats.

Mandwara festival is celebrated with great cultural enthusiasm by the Baiga tribal community of Madhya Pradesh.

Tantya Bhil (Tantya Mama), revered as the 'Indian Robin Hood', was a heroic freedom fighter of the Bhil tribe from Nimar region who fought fearlessly against British colonial oppression.

Raghunath Singh Mandloi was a valiant freedom fighter belonging to the Bhilala tribe from Barwani/Nimar who led armed resistance against the British during the 1857 uprising.

Badal Bhoi was a revered tribal freedom fighter from Parasia (Chhindwara district) who led thousands of tribals against British rule. The tribal museum in Chhindwara is named in his honor.

Hoshangabad (Narmadapuram) and Sehore in the fertile Narmada valley are premier wheat-producing districts of MP, earning Narmadapuram the title 'Granary of MP'.

Pithampur in Dhar district is famously known as the 'Detroit of India' due to its massive concentration of automotive manufacturing units.

Veer Shankar Shah - Raghunath Shah National Award is conferred by the Government of MP for creative writings showcasing tribal life, struggle, and culture in Indian literature.

The Majhgawan diamond mine operated by NMDC in Panna district is the only mechanized operating diamond mine in India.

Vanya Prakashan was established in 1980 under the Tribal and Scheduled Caste Welfare Department of Madhya Pradesh to preserve, document, and publish tribal culture and heritage.

Second-generation computers (1956-1963) replaced bulky vacuum tubes with solid-state transistors developed at Bell Labs.

In a star topology, every peripheral host is connected directly to a central multiport controller hub or switch via point-to-point links.

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is the standard TCP/IP protocol utilized for sending and routing outgoing electronic mail.

The first G20 Leaders' Summit was held on November 14–15, 2008, in Washington D.C., USA, hosted by US President George W. Bush in the wake of the 2008 global financial crisis.

CPU register memory is located directly on the processor die and has the fastest access time among all computer memory types.

Phishing involves deceptive electronic communications impersonating reputable entities to fraudulently extract sensitive user credentials.

An actuator is a mechanical component of a robot that converts electrical/hydraulic energy into physical motion.

Chinnor rice of Balaghat district was granted a prestigious Geographical Indication (GI) tag in 2021, celebrated for its unique natural aroma and culinary softness.

A web crawler (spider) autonomously navigates the World Wide Web, traversing hyperlinks to download and index web pages.

Microblogging is a broadcast medium that allows users to exchange short concise digital messages (e.g. X/Twitter).

The Kernel is the core component of the UNIX operating system that manages hardware resources, CPU scheduling, memory, and peripheral devices.

The 19th Asian Games were successfully hosted in Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China from September to October 2023.

Kurrently was a real-time social search engine launched in 2009 that aggregated results from social networks like Twitter and Facebook.

Alan Turing proposed the 'Imitation Game' in his seminal 1950 paper 'Computing Machinery and Intelligence', which became famous as the Turing Test to evaluate whether a machine can exhibit intelligent behavior indistinguishable from a human.

Twitter was created in March 2006 by Jack Dorsey, Noah Glass, Biz Stone, and Evan Williams. Jack Dorsey posted the first tweet on March 21, 2006: 'just setting up my twttr'.

The four foundational pillars of E-Governance are People (human capital & citizens), Process (rules & workflows), Technology (digital tools & infrastructure), and Resources (funding & equipment).

LinkedIn, launched in 2003 and owned by Microsoft, is the world's largest professional networking platform specifically designed for career development, recruiting, and business connections.

Machine Learning is a fundamental branch of Artificial Intelligence (AI) that enables systems to learn and improve from data automatically.

MPEG stands for Moving Picture Experts Group, an alliance of working groups that establishes standards for digital video and audio compression.

Raja Man Singh Tomar of Gwalior built the magnificent Gurjari Mahal in Gwalior Fort for his beloved queen Mrignayani in the 15th century.

The Charan Paduka massacre of 14 January 1931 in Chhatarpur district is commemorated as the 'Jallianwala Bagh Massacre of Madhya Pradesh'.

The Narmada River originates from Narmada Kund on the Amarkantak plateau in Anuppur district of Madhya Pradesh.

Dhupgarh, standing at 1,352 meters in the Mahadeo Hills of the Satpura Range near Pachmarhi, is the highest peak in Madhya Pradesh.

Project Tiger was launched in India on 1st April 1973; Kanha National Park in MP was inducted into the scheme in 1974 as the state's first tiger reserve.

The Malwa Plateau is covered by extensive layers of black cotton regur soil derived from the weathering of Deccan Trap basaltic lava flows.

The Betwa River (ancient Vetravati) originates from Kumra village in Raisen district and flows northward to join the Yamuna at Hamirpur.

As per Census 2011, Balaghat district recorded the highest sex ratio in Madhya Pradesh at 1,021 females per 1,000 males.

Bharat Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL) plant at Bhopal was established in the late 1950s with technical collaboration from AEI, United Kingdom (Britain).

According to Census 2011, Bhopal district had the highest proportion of urban population in MP at 80.9%, followed by Indore at 74.1%.

Canal irrigation constitutes the second major source of irrigation in Madhya Pradesh after wells and tube wells, serving around 18-20% of net irrigated area.

'Durgeshnandini', published in 1865, is a pathbreaking historical romance novel written in Bengali by Bankim Chandra Chatterjee.

Debendranath Tagore, impressed by Keshab Chandra Sen's eloquence and zeal, appointed him as the Acharya of Brahmo Samaj in 1862.

During the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920–1922), when the Prince of Wales visited India in November 1921, the Congress organized a complete nationwide hartal and black-flag boycott.

In Mauryan administration, courts were divided into Dharmasthiya (civil courts headed by Dharmastha) and Kantakashodhana (criminal courts headed by Pradeshta).

The Atharvaveda contains hymns, spells, and charms primarily related to healing diseases, warding off evils, and folk medicine.

In the Atharvaveda, Sabha and Samiti are personified as the two twin daughters of the creator Prajapati.

In Vedic tradition, the sacred Gayatri Mantra (Rigveda Mandala III) was recited by the Brahmachari initiate during the sacred Upanayana ceremony.

The monolithic Kailash Temple (Cave 16) was carved out of a single basalt cliff at Ellora in Maharashtra during the 8th century under Rashtrakuta King Krishna I.

The Rigveda is the oldest known Indo-European literary composition, dating back to circa 1500–1000 BCE.

In Patanjali's Yoga Sutras, the first five limbs (Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara) are Bahiranga (external), while the final three (Dharana, Dhyana, Samadhi), collectively termed Samyama, form Antaranga Sadhana.

The Arabian Sea branch of the southwest monsoon delivers high orographic rainfall to the windward slopes of the Western Ghats before advancing across central India.

According to the Geological Survey of India, Jharkhand (26%) and Odisha (25%) together hold over 51% of India's total estimated geological coal reserves.

The Bhilai Steel Plant in Durg district, Chhattisgarh was established with technical and financial assistance from the USSR (Soviet Union) in 1955.

Odisha accounts for over 51% of India's total bauxite resources (Panchpatmali in Koraput, Kalahandi, Rayagada) and is the leading producer of aluminum ore.

El Niño events in the equatorial Pacific Ocean typically weaken the Indian summer monsoon, often causing deficit rainfall and droughts in India.

During 2021-22, West Bengal maintained its position as the premier rice-producing state in India, accounting for over 13% of national rice production.

Godavari, with a length of 1,465 km, is the longest river in peninsular India (often called 'Dakshin Ganga'). Krishna is 1,400 km, Narmada is 1,312 km, and Kaveri is 800 km.

Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm Tauktae developed in the Arabian Sea and made landfall on the southern coast of Gujarat in May 2021 with gusting winds over 185 km/h.

In decreasing order of altitude: K2/Godwin-Austen (8,611 m), Kanchenjunga (8,586 m), Nanda Devi (7,816 m), and Kamet (7,756 m).

The Ten Degree Channel is a maritime channel separating the Andaman Islands to the north from the Nicobar Islands to the south.

The Sandhi breakdown of 'Protsahan' is 'Pra + Utsaha' (प्र + उत्साह). According to the rules of Svara Sandhi, when 'a/ā' is followed by 'u/ū', they combine to form 'o' (अ + उ = ओ), which defines Guna Sandhi. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

Renowned author and philanthropist Sudha Murty was nominated to the Rajya Sabha by the President of India on International Women's Day in March 2024.

Panjab University, Chandigarh finished atop the medal table at the 3rd Khelo India University Games held in Uttar Pradesh in May-June 2023.

Pandit Omprakash Sharma of Ujjain is a veteran exponent and music composer of 'Maach', the state folk theatre of Madhya Pradesh, conferred the Padma Shri in 2024.

Distinguished Indian-American statistician C.R. Rao was awarded the International Prize in Statistics (equivalent to Nobel Prize in statistics) in 2023.

17-year-old Grandmaster D. Gukesh made history in April 2024 by becoming the youngest player ever to win the FIDE Candidates Tournament in Toronto.

Lamheta village on the banks of Narmada near Jabalpur is internationally renowned for Cretaceous dinosaur fossil beds and India's first Geo-park.

Former Supreme Court judge Justice Ajay Manikrao Khanwilkar (A.M. Khanwilkar) was appointed as the Chairperson of Lokpal of India in February 2024.

Badal Bhoi was a revered tribal freedom fighter from Parasia (Chhindwara district) who led the tribal movement against the British in 1923.

Mahishmati (modern Maheshwar in Khargone district) served as the historic southern capital of the ancient Avanti kingdom.

The Sun Temple (Surya Mandir) at Madkhera is located in Tikamgarh district in the Bundelkhand region of Madhya Pradesh.

Shatapatha Brahmana is the earliest surviving Vedic text mentioning the Narmada river, where it is referred to by its ancient name 'Reva'.

Kaytha, a prominent Chalcolithic site on the Choti Kali Sindh river in Ujjain district, is celebrated as the birthplace of Varahamihira.

Ghatigaon Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Gwalior district, not Indore; Karera was in Shivpuri; thus pair (D) is false.

Pandit Shankar Rao Pandit was a maestro of Khayal vocal singing belonging to the venerated Gwalior Gharana of Hindustani classical music.

In the traditional Gammat folk theatre of the Nimar region, the Sutradhar (comic conductor and narrator) is called 'Thothaya'.

Mohankheda is a sacred Jain pilgrimage tirtha founded in 1884 by Rajendrasuri, situated in Dhar district of Madhya Pradesh.

The Dashpur inscription composed by poet Vatsabhatti records the sun temple built by silk weavers; it does not claim to describe the Gupta administrative council, making statement (D) false.

Subhadra Kumari Chauhan penned the immortal patriotic poem 'Jhansi Ki Rani' ('Khoob Ladi Mardani Woh To Jhansi Wali Rani Thi').

The Sondani pillar inscription celebrating King Yashodharman's victory over the Huna ruler Mihirakula was composed by poet Vasula (वासुल) and engraved by Govinda.