LISP and PROLOG are classic symbolic AI programming languages; Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) is a general programming paradigm, not a specific AI language.

John McCarthy, who organized the 1956 Dartmouth Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence, first coined the term 'Artificial Intelligence'.

LED is a semiconductor p-n junction diode that emits light when electric current flows through it; it stands for Light Emitting Diode.

In web browsing and network architecture, URL stands for Uniform Resource Locator, serving as the global address of internet resources.

HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language, the standard authoring markup language for structuring documents displayed on the World Wide Web.

e-ANUGYA is an e-Governance transit pass portal designed by the MP Mineral Resources Department to issue online No Objection Certificates (NOC) for mineral movement outside MP.

BIOS stands for Basic Input/Output System, the essential firmware residing in non-volatile ROM used to initialize hardware during the boot sequence.

EPROM stands for Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory, a type of non-volatile memory that can be erased by exposure to strong ultraviolet (UV) light.

Splicing of optical fibers refers to the precision mechanical or fusion process of joining two optical fiber strands together end-to-end to transmit light uninterrupted.

eMARG (electronic Maintenance of Rural Roads under PMGSY) is an enterprise e-governance GIS solution developed for routine maintenance of rural roads.

The CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute (CSIR-NGRI) is a premier earth sciences research laboratory established in 1961 in Hyderabad, Telangana.

INSAT-1B, launched on 30th August 1983 aboard the Space Shuttle Challenger, became India's first fully successful operational multipurpose domestic satellite.

Chandrayaan-3 was launched from the Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SHAR), Sriharikota, and achieved a world-first soft landing near the Moon's south polar region.

The International Heat Wave Workshop 2026 was organized by meteorological and disaster authorities in February 2026 (11-12 February 2026).

The hypothalamus contains the central thermoregulatory center of the human body, acting as the biological thermostat regulating core temperature.

The UN 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development comprises 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) accompanied by exactly 169 specific targets.

According to the Sample Registration System (SRS) Statistical Report 2020, India's Under-5 Mortality Rate (U5MR) declined to 32 per 1,000 live births.

Meteorology is the scientific discipline dedicated to atmospheric observation, physical processes, weather phenomena, and forecasting.

In the Indo-US space mission (Axiom-4), Group Captain Shubhanshu Shukla was selected to fly to and set foot aboard the International Space Station (ISS).

Sickle cell is an autosomal recessive disorder: a mating between an affected individual (SS) and a carrier (AS) results in 50% carrier offspring (AS) and 50% affected offspring (SS).

The Asirgarh hills, housing the historic Asirgarh Fort ('Key to the Deccan'), are situated in the Western Satpura range in Burhanpur district.

Alluvial soil deposited by the Chambal river and its tributaries is predominantly found across the Chambal basin (Morena, Bhind, Sheopur).

The Baihar plateau in Balaghat district houses extensive commercial deposits of high-grade bauxite ore.

Dongla village in Mahidpur tehsil of Ujjain district lies exactly on the Tropic of Cancer and houses the Varahamihira Astronomical Observatory.

Samrat Ashok Sagar is on Halali (a-iv), Bansagar on Son (b-i), Harsi on Parvati (c-ii), and Omkareshwar on Narmada (d-iii), yielding code (C): iv-i-ii-iii.

Chambal's tributary is Gambhir/Parvati, Tons's is Belan, Narmada's is Tawa, and Kshipra's is Gambhir, making matching code (A) correct.

In Census 2011, the highest decadal population growth rates in MP were recorded in Indore (32.88%), followed by Jhabua (30.70%) and Bhopal (28.62%).

The first sugar mill in Madhya Pradesh was established in 1934 at Jaora in Ratlam district.

Low mean annual rainfall in the northwestern Chambal margins is strongly correlated with high coefficient of rainfall variability.

Madhya Pradesh held the first rank in pulses production nationwide in 2021-22, contributing over 25% of India's total pulses harvest.

As per Census 2011, Madhya Pradesh houses 15.31 million Scheduled Tribes, accounting for 14.69% of the total ST population of India.

Gudum Baja (a conical percussion drum) is a traditional folk musical instrument played by the Dhulia and Gond communities of Mandla and Dindori districts.

The Tribal Cooperative Marketing Development Federation of India (TRIFED) was established in August 1987 under the Multi-State Cooperative Societies Act.

Under the revised Foreign Study Scholarship Scheme for ST students in Madhya Pradesh, the family income ceiling was revised to ₹ 8 lakh.

As per Census 2011, the Kamar tribe (recognized as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group) in MP recorded a micro-population of 466 persons.

Madhya Pradesh has exactly 3 officially designated Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PVTGs): Baiga, Bharia, and Sahariya. Kol is a major Schedule Tribe but not a PVTG.

Indal Puja is the foremost agricultural and prosperity ritual worshipped with enthusiasm by the Barela/Bhilala sub-tribe of Nimar.

Paragraph 4 of the Fifth Schedule to the Constitution of India provides for the establishment of a Tribes Advisory Council in each State having Scheduled Areas.

'Netam' (tortoise) is a sacred exogamous sept and clan totem worshipped by the Gond and related central Indian tribes.

Among the Gonds, 'Baree' refers to the kitchen garden or fertile backyard land adjacent to dwellings cultivated for vegetables and maize.

In Bankim Chandra Chatterjee's historical novel Anandamath (1882), the hymn 'Vande Mataram' was first sung by the sannyasi Bhavānanda.

Baiga sub-tribe is Narotia (a-ii), Bharia sub-tribe is Bhumiya (b-iv), Kol sub-tribe is Rohia (c-i), and Sahariya/Maria is Dandami, giving code (B): ii-iv-i-iii.

Singaji Gayan is Nirguni (b-i), Alha-Udal is Heroic (d-ii), Bambuliya is Religious/Shiv-Shakti (c-iv), and Railo Geet is for youth (a-iii), yielding code (C): iii-i-iv-ii.

Adamgarh rock shelters in Narmadapuram were excavated by R.V. Joshi and M.D. Khare in 1960-61, not V.S. Wakankar; thus statement (C) is false.

The Buddhist Monuments at Sanchi were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1989 (along with Khajuraho in 1986 and Bhimbetka in 2003).

In the Gujarra Minor Rock Edict located in Datia district, the Mauryan Emperor is explicitly mentioned by his personal name: 'Devanampiya Piyadasi Asokaraja'.

Devi Jagadambi Temple at Khajuraho is a Sandhara-style temple featuring an inner circumambulatory path (Pradakshina-patha); thus statement (B) is false.

Nimadi is spoken in Barwani/Khandwa (a-iii), Korku in Betul/Narmadapuram (b-iv), Bhili in Ratlam/Alirajpur (c-ii), and Gondi in Mandla/Dindori (d-i), yielding code (A): iii-iv-ii-i.

Keshav Das authored Kavipriya (a-iv), Bhawani Prasad Mishra authored Gandhi Panchshati (b-iii), Padmakar authored Gangalahari (c-i), and Mulla Ramuzi authored Gulabi Urdu (d-ii), giving code (A): iv-iii-i-ii.

Guru Siddheshwar Sen is revered as the modern architect who reformed and transformed Malwa's Maach folk theatre into a sophisticated performing art.

Sergio Gor was nominated and assumed charge as the Ambassador of the United States of America to India.

The 2026 ICC Women's T20 World Cup is scheduled to be hosted by England and Wales in June-July 2026.

Veteran banker Uday Kotak was conferred the Padma Bhushan in 2026 for distinguished contributions to Trade and Industry (Financial Sector).

Sahityotsav (Festival of Letters) is India's premier literary festival organized annually by the Sahitya Akademi under the Ministry of Culture.

The Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (MoSPI) updated the Consumer Price Index (CPI) series with base year 2024.

The United Nations General Assembly declared 2025 as the International Year of Cooperatives (IYC 2025) and International Year of Glaciers' Preservation.

Prabhash Joshi Sports Award was instituted by the Government of Madhya Pradesh in 2013 exclusively for honoring excellence in the State Sport Mallakhamb.

Mohan Nagar from Madhya Pradesh was honored with the Padma Shri in 2026 for his selfless dedication to grassroots environmental conservation and water rejuvenation.

'Suman Sakhi' is an AI-powered conversational chatbot launched under health initiatives to provide maternal, reproductive, and adolescent healthcare guidance.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi launched the mega PM MITRA Mega Textile Park for Madhya Pradesh at Bhensola in Dhar district.

Vembanad Lake in Kerala spans a length of 96.5 km, making it the longest lake in India and the largest lake in Kerala.

Nanda Devi, rising to an elevation of 7,816 meters in Uttarakhand, is the highest mountain peak situated entirely within the Kumaon/Garhwal Himalayas.

In Rigvedic literature, the Chenab River was referred to by its ancient Sanskrit name Asikni.

Severe Cyclonic Storm Montha originated over the Bay of Bengal in October 2025, bringing squally winds to the eastern coastal states of India.

In terms of area-wise forest cover, Madhya Pradesh has the largest forest cover in India, followed by Arunachal Pradesh and Chhattisgarh.

Western disturbances are mid-latitude temperate storms originating in the Mediterranean region, driven eastward by subtropical westerly jet streams, bringing essential winter rain (Mahawat) to north-western India.

According to Census 2011, Arunachal Pradesh registered the lowest population density in India at only 17 persons per square kilometer.

According to the Indian Minerals Yearbook, Madhya Pradesh ranks first in manganese production, followed by Maharashtra in the second rank.

Zaid crops (like cucumber, watermelon, bitter gourd) are short-season crops cultivated during the hot dry months of March to June between Rabi and Kharif.

The historic Digboi oil refinery in Tinsukia district of Assam was commissioned in 1901, making it the oldest operational oil refinery in Asia.

As reported in the RBI Weekly Statistical Supplement, India's foreign exchange reserves stood at USD 640.3 billion at the end of December 2024.

Under the National Viral Hepatitis Control Programme (NVHCP) launched in 2018, the target year for the elimination of Hepatitis C is 2030 (aligned with WHO SDG targets).

According to Economic Survey 2024-25 / NITI Aayog SDG Index, MP recorded a score of 43 under SDG 9 (Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure).

During 2018-19 to 2022-23, patent filings in Madhya Pradesh recorded an unprecedented surge of over 230% due to expanded university incubation networks.

According to the Economic Survey, India's agriculture and allied sector grew at an average annual growth rate of approximately 4.2% from FY17 to FY23.

As per the CII Report published in February 2025, Madhya Pradesh's pharmaceutical sector contributes approximately 1.9% of total gross fixed capital formation in India.

Under ODOP in MP: Anuppur is identified for Kodo-Kutki, Balaghat for Chinnor rice, Narsinghpur for Tuvar dal; Gwalior is identified for sand stone tiles (not agricultural produce).

As documented in the MP Economic Survey 2024-25, the cumulative solar power generation capacity of MP reached 60,166 MW (or corresponding operational capacity figures).

The Sandhi breakdown of 'Protsahan' is 'Pra + Utsaha' (प्र + उत्साह). According to the rules of Svara Sandhi, when 'a/ā' is followed by 'u/ū', they combine to form 'o' (अ + उ = ओ), which defines Guna Sandhi. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

The Reserve Bank of India announced that the composite Financial Inclusion Index (FI-Index) rose to 64.2 in March 2024 from 60.1 in March 2023.

Atharvaveda (Kanda VII, Hymn 12) poetically describes the popular assemblies Sabha and Samiti as the two twin daughters of the Creator Prajapati (सभा च मा समितिश्चावतां प्रजापतेर्दुहितरौ संविदाने).

The four stages of life (Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha, Sannyasa) are mentioned together for the first time in the Jabala Upanishad.

Bilingual silver and bronze coins minted by the Indo-Greek King Agathocles at Ai-Khanoum depict the earliest iconic representations of Vasudeva-Krishna and Balarama-Samkarshana.

Andal (Kotai) was the only female saint among the twelve Tamil Vaishnavite Alvar poet-saints, celebrated for her devotional compositions Tiruppavai and Nacciyar Tirumoli.

The United Provinces (UP) Kisan Sabha was founded in February 1918 by Indra Narayan Dwivedi and Gauri Shankar Mishra with active support from Madan Mohan Malaviya.

The historic Tebhaga peasant movement demanding a two-thirds share of the harvest for sharecroppers (bargadars) began in Bengal in September 1946.

In classical Sanskrit literature, black pepper (Piper nigrum) was highly prized by Roman and Greek merchants (Yavanas) and thus termed 'Yavanapriya'.

The Hathigumpha Inscription of King Kharavela of Kalinga (Udayagiri, Odisha) contains the earliest known epigraphic reference to the name 'Bharatavarsha'.

Bhagwati Charan Vohra authored the revolutionary ideological manifesto 'The Philosophy of the Bomb' in 1929 in extensive consultation with Chandrashekhar Azad.

'The Secret Doctrine', a landmark esoteric philosophical treatise published in 1888, was written by Madame Helena Petrovna Blavatsky.

Maintaining regular law enforcement and operating police stations is an exclusive state police power, not an assigned function of a Gram Panchayat.

Under Article 243Q of the Constitution and MP Municipalities Act, a Nagar Parishad (Nagar Panchayat) is constituted for a transitional urban area (transition from rural to urban).

Members of the Indian Constituent Assembly were indirectly elected by the members of the Provincial Legislative Assemblies using single transferable vote.

Article 124(2) of the Constitution of India provides for the appointment, tenure, and conditions of service of Judges of the Supreme Court.

Article 43B (promoting cooperative societies) was inserted by the 97th Amendment Act 2011; Articles 39A, 43A, and 48A were added by the 42nd Amendment 1976.

The Parliament's constituent power to amend Fundamental Rights under Article 368 was first challenged in the Supreme Court in the Shankari Prasad v. Union of India case (1951).

Judges of the High Court are appointed by the President of India under Article 217 (after consultation with CJI and Governor), not by the Governor.

A No-Confidence Motion can be introduced and passed exclusively in the Lok Sabha under Rule 198, as the Council of Ministers is collectively responsible solely to the Lok Sabha.

Under Article 338(10) of the Constitution of India, the National Commission for Scheduled Castes is constitutionally entrusted to safeguard the interests and rights of the Anglo-Indian Community.

Article 174(1) mandates that six months shall not intervene between two sessions; there is no constitutional clause specifying a minimum number of two sittings in a year.