The lengths of the four segments of the Golden Quadrilateral in descending order are: Chennai - Kolkata (1,684 km), Kolkata - Delhi (1,453 km), Delhi - Mumbai (1,419 km), and Mumbai - Chennai (1,290 km). Therefore, the correct order is C, D, A, B.

Statements A, B, and C are correct. Statement D is incorrect because the Aravalli range is not rich in all types of minerals (notably lacking mineral fuels like coal and petroleum).

In Rajasthan, average monsoon rainfall increases from west to east/southeast. Jalore (~42 cm) < Jaipur (~55-60 cm) < Kota (~75-80 cm) is correctly arranged in ascending order.

Kaiga Generating Station is located in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka, not Tamil Nadu.

Alfisols (mature alluvial soils) predominate in the semi-arid to sub-humid eastern plains of Rajasthan, including Jaipur, Dausa, Alwar, and Bharatpur.

According to the Rajasthan Economic Review and agricultural statistics for 2021-22, Rajasthan contributed 38.98% to the total Bajra production in India.

The Medical Devices Park (Medtech Park) in Rajasthan has been developed by RIICO at Boranada, Jodhpur.

Khadin is a traditional rainwater harvesting and agricultural conservation system developed by the Paliwal Brahmins of Jaisalmer in the 15th century.

Correct matches:

A. Udaipur - iii. Som & Jakham

B. Bundi - iv. Kural

C. Bharatpur - ii. Gambhiri & Parvati

D. Alwar - i. Sabi & Ruparel

Thus, the code is iii, iv, ii, i.

In Rajasthan, major asbestos deposits and mines are found in Ajmer (Arjunpura), Rajsamand (Piparda), and Udaipur districts.

Kapurdi (Barmer), Merta (Nagaur), and Kasnau (Nagaur) are major veriiied lignite-producing fields in Rajasthan.

Sorsan Conservation Reserve is located in Baran district, not Bundi.

Mount Abu (Sirohi), Ranakpur (Pali), and Jalore are part of the Godwar Tourist Circuit of Rajasthan.

The National Executive of the Socialist Party passed a resolution demanding the dissolution of the Constituent Assembly and fresh elections on the basis of adult franchise.

According to Census 2011, total literacy rates in Rajasthan in descending order are: Kota (76.6%) > Jaipur (75.5%) > Jhunjhunu (74.1%) > Sikar (71.9%) > Alwar (70.7%).

Fundamental rights available exclusively to Indian citizens (and not to foreigners) are Articles 15, 16, 19, 29, and 30. Therefore, the group Articles 15, 16, 19, and 30 consists exclusively of rights granted only to citizens.

Article 39A (Equal justice and free legal aid) was inserted into the Constitution of India by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976.

Correct matches:

A. Indira Gandhi v. Raj Narain - iii. 39th Amendment

B. Minerva Mills v. Union of India - i. 42nd Amendment

C. Kihoto Hollohan v. Zachillu - ii. 52nd Amendment (Anti-Defection Law)

D. P. Sambamurthy v. State of A.P. - iv. 32nd Amendment (Article 371D(5))

Thus, the correct code is iii, i, ii, iv.

Under Article 55(2)(a), the formula divides the quotient by one thousand (1,000), not one hundred (100). Hence statement D is incorrect.

Under Articles 103 and 192 of the Constitution, the President and Governor act on the binding opinion/advisory jurisdiction of the Election Commission regarding post-election disqualiiication of MPs and MLAs.

Statements (i), (ii), and (iv) are correct. Statement (iii) is incorrect because under Article 96(2), when a resolution for removal is under consideration, the Speaker cannot preside, but HAS the right to speak and otherwise take part in proceedings (and vote in the first instance, though not a casting vote).

The terms of reference for the 16th Finance Commission (notiiied on 31 December 2023) tasked it with reviewing disaster management financing arrangements, whereas options A, B, and C are standard Article 280 constitutional mandates. In the official key, option D was selected.

In the 2004 14th Lok Sabha elections, Indian National Congress won 145 seats, Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) won 138 seats (not 133), and CPI(M) won 43 seats (not 48). Therefore, only statement (a) is correct.

The Central Vigilance Commission (CVC) was established in February 1964 on the recommendations of the Committee on Prevention of Corruption, headed by K. Santhanam.

Bhairon Singh Shekhawat faced President's Rule in Rajasthan twice during his tenures as Chief Minister (in 1980 and 1992), which is the maximum for any Chief Minister in the state.

As of November 2024 in the Bhajan Lal Sharma ministry, there were 2 women ministers: Deputy CM Diya Kumari and Minister of State Manju Baghmar.

Rules governing the Committee on Subordinate Legislation in the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly are Rules 241-245 (speciiically Rule 242-243), not Rule 240. Hence D is incorrect.

Gurumukh Nihal Singh was appointed on 25 October 1956 and took office on 1 November 1956. Hence statement (C) is incorrect according to the official key.

Under Section 121 of the Rajasthan Panchayati Raj Act, 1994, the Zila Pramukh of the Zila Parishad is the ex-officio Chairperson of the District Planning Committee. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

The Jaipur Development Authority (JDA) was established under the Jaipur Development Authority Act, 1982 (Act No. 25 of 1982) for the planned, holistic development of Jaipur region.

Prior to independence, several princely states of Rajasthan enacted laws regarding village panchayats, prominently Bikaner (1928), Jaipur (1938), Sirohi (1939), Jodhpur (1945), and Bharatpur/Udaipur. Among the given groups, Jodhpur, Jaipur, Udaipur, and Sirohi all had pre-independence panchayat legislations.

Under Article 320(3)(c) of the Constitution of India, the State Public Service Commission must be consulted on all disciplinary matters affecting a person serving under the Government of the State in a civil capacity.

Pramil Kumar Mathur, a senior judicial officer from the Rajasthan Higher Judicial Service (RHJS), officially assumed charge as Registrar General of the Rajasthan High Court, Jodhpur on 20th April, 2024 (20/04/2024).

Under Section 7 of the Rajasthan Lokayukta and Deputy Lokayukta Act, 1973, the Lokayukta investigates grievances of maladministration, corruption, bias, and abuse of position. Speciiic penal offences such as sexual harassment, caste discrimination, and crimes against children fall under ordinary criminal law and special statutory commissions, not Lokayukta jurisdiction.

According to the Rajasthan Municipalities (Election) Rules, the security deposit prescribed for a general category candidate contesting the direct/indirect election for the post of Mayor of a Municipal Corporation is ₹ 30,000.

Arun Kumar served as Chief Secretary during the tenure of Chief Minister Bhairon Singh Shekhawat and briefly in late 1999/2000, but in RPSC question paper key, D was marked as not correctly matched.

Justice N.K. Jain served as the Chairperson of the Rajasthan State Human Rights Commission from 2005 to 2010, completing a full five-year term. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

The core principles of Citizen's Charter focus on standards, quality, transparency, accountability, and choice in public service delivery. Creating grievance redressal/hearing systems for general public demands is handled through institutional grievance portals (like Rajasthan Sampark), not Citizen's Charter.

Option (A) is correct: Rajasthan became the first state in India to enact the Right to Hearing Act, 2012 (राजस्थान सुनवाई का अधिकार अधिनियम, 2012), which came into force across the state on 1st August 2012 to ensure time-bound grievance redressal near citizens' residences.

Input Tax Credit (ITC) prevents cascading of taxes (tax on tax / double taxation) by allowing businesses to claim credit for taxes paid on inputs. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

The One Stop Shop (OSS) facility operates under the Bureau of Investment Promotion (BIP) chaired by the Chief Secretary / Board of Investment, and not directly under the Chief Minister. Hence, statement (B) is incorrect.

Headline inflation includes food and fuel and is more volatile than core inflation, which speciiically strips out food and energy prices. Hence, only statement C is correct (Option D).

According to the Ministry of Agriculture & Farmers Welfare (2021-22):

• Nutricereals (Nutri/Coarse cereals): Rajasthan (i)
• Total pulses: Madhya Pradesh (iii)
• Groundnut: Gujarat (v)
• Soyabean: Maharashtra (iv)

Hence, the correct match is A-i, B-iii, C-v, D-iv (Option C).

The National Food Security Act (NFSA) was enacted on July 5, 2013 (statement A is correct). It covers up to 75% of rural and 50% of urban population, covering roughly 81.35 crore persons (not 50 crore, making statement B incorrect). Hence, statements A and C are correct.

As per Rajasthan Economic Review 2023-24 (Advance Estimates), the Per Capita Income at current prices was ₹ 1,56,149.

Worker to Population Ratio (WPR) is defined as the percentage of employed persons in the total population: WPR = (Employed Persons / Total Population) * 100. Hence, Option (C) is correct.

The F.R.B.M. Act was enacted in 2003 as a fiscal policy reform legislation for deficit management, not part of the banking/financial sector reforms following 1991. Hence, Option (C) is correct.

As per Rajasthan budget documents for 2022-23, the fiscal deficit was 3.76% of GSDP, within the enhanced FRBM borrowing limit, and higher than the previous year. Hence, All A, B and C are correct (Option D).

All three targets are officially speciiied under the Rajasthan Mineral Policy 2024 framework. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

According to the Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Rajasthan, Gross Fixed Capital Formation by industry of use has Construction at the top, followed by Manufacturing, Agriculture, and Mining.

The Business Reforms Action Plan (BRAP) / Ease of Doing Business rankings for Indian states are assessed and published by the Department for Promotion of Industry and Internal Trade (DPIIT), Ministry of Commerce and Industry.

The Rajasthan Government constituted the Rajasthan Institute for Transformation and Innovation (RITI) on the lines of NITI Aayog, replacing the CMRETAC.

RIICO has developed Agro Food Parks at Ranpur (Kota), Boranada (Jodhpur), Sriganganagar, and Matsya (Alwar), but NOT at Udaipur. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

The Rajasthan Manufactured Sand (M-Sand) Policy 2024 remains in force until 31 March 2029 or until a new policy is announced. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

RIICO industrial areas developed in 2023-24:

• Nadol is in Pali (iv)
• Dharmpura is in Jhalawar (ii)
• Umriya is in Barmer (iii)
• Maal ki Toos is in Udaipur (i)

Correct matching is A-iv, B-ii, C-iii, D-i.

Under PM Surya Ghar Muft Bijli Yojana, 1 crore households get rooftop solar providing up to 300 units free power, with a 100% online portal for application and direct subsidy transfer. The central subsidy is up to 60% of system cost (up to 2 kW) and 40% for additional capacity, not a flat 30%. Thus, statements (i) and (iii) are correct.

In Rajasthan, the 'Aastha Yojana' provides BPL-equivalent benefits to families that have two or more members with 40% or more disability (specially abled persons).

Rusting of iron is a chemical change because iron reacts with oxygen and water to form a new chemical substance, hydrated ferric oxide (Fe2O3·xH2O).

The lens of the eye consists mostly of water and proteins (crystallins). A cataract develops when these proteins denature, clump together, and form cloudy areas in the natural lens.

Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) has an extremely high Global Warming Potential (GWP) of approximately 23,500 over a 100-year horizon, which is the highest among all recognized greenhouse gases.

Rajasthan Urban Sector Development Program (RUSDP / RUSDIP Phase-III), supported by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), primarily focuses on improving urban infrastructure and service delivery in sustainable water supply, sewerage, and sanitation.

Photosynthesis absorbs solar energy from sunlight to synthesize glucose from carbon dioxide and water, making it a classic endothermic process.

VSHORADS (Very Short Range Air Defence System) is a 4th-generation Man Portable Air Defence System (MANPADS) indigenously designed and developed by DRDO to neutralize low-altitude aerial threats.

Mercury (Hg) is the only metal that remains in liquid state at standard room temperature (~25°C). (Bromine is a liquid non-metal).

Fourth-generation biofuels (4G biofuels) are produced using genetically modiiied photosynthetic microorganisms, primarily genetically engineered algae and cyanobacteria, which combine high biofuel yields with carbon capture.

Statement A is correct (Machine Learning is a subset of AI). Statement B is incorrect because Supervised Learning trains models using labeled data (training without labels is unsupervised learning). Statement C is correct (Reinforcement Learning operates through trial, error, penalties, and rewards). Thus, only A and C are correct.

Kwashiorkor is a severe form of protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, an enlarged liver, and thinning hair, caused primarily by severe dietary protein deficiency.

Sweetness values compared to sucrose (cane sugar): Aspartame (100x), Saccharin (550x), Sucralose (600x), and Alitame (2000x). Therefore, Alitame has the highest sweetness value.

Macrominerals include Calcium, Phosphorus, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride, and Sulphur. Iodine, Iron, Zinc, Copper, and Selenium are classiiied as trace minerals (microminerals).

Chikungunya is caused by the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV, an arbovirus of genus Alphavirus), not a bacteria. Hence pair A is incorrect.

CPCB Air Quality Index (AQI) categories: 0-50 (Good), 51-100 (Satisfactory), 1

El Niño and La Niña are opposite phases of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) ocean-atmosphere climate pattern, not localized storms/cyclones. Hence statement A is incorrect.

The Central Institute for Research on Cotton Technology (CIRCOT), Mumbai developed India's first nano-cellulose pilot plant utilizing cotton and cotton linters/waste biomass.

The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species is universally referred to as the 'Barometer of Life', measuring the health of the world's biodiversity.

Rajasthan Forestry and Biodiversity Project Phase-2 (RFBP-2), assisted by JICA, covered 15 districts (including 10 desert districts and 5 non-desert districts) and 7 wildlife sanctuaries, not 18 districts and 8 sanctuaries. Hence statement B is incorrect.

Center of Excellence for Pomegranate is at Bassi (Jaipur); Date-palm is at Sagra Bhojka (Jaisalmer); Guava is at Devrawas (Tonk); Mango is at Khemri (Dholpur). Hence, Option (C) is correct.

SDG 15 is dedicated to 'Life on Land': protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertiiication, halt land degradation, and halt biodiversity loss.

National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal produced India's first cloned female calf of the indigenous Gir cow breed named 'Ganga'. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

The statement recommends crop rotation for nutrient replenishment, but it does not assume that a crop can 'never' be grown again in the same field (Assumption I is invalid) nor does it assume that fertilizers will 'never' be needed at all (Assumption II is an extreme overstatement). Hence, neither assumption is implicit.

Aandhi village in Jaipur district is being developed as a zero-waste eco-village using green technologies. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

According to the RPSC answer key, Option (C) (Only Conclusion (I) follows) is the official answer.

Argument (I) presents a solid, sustainable long-term environmental rationale, making it strong under official examination evaluation. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

With 8 points, there are 4 diameters. For each diameter, any of the remaining 6 points forms a right triangle in the semicircle: 4 * 6 = 24 possible right triangles. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

The pattern of the sequence is n³ + n²:

• For n = 1: 1³ + 1² = 1 + 1 = 2
• For n = 2: 2³ + 2² = 8 + 4 = 12
• For n = 3: 3³ + 3² = 27 + 9 = 36
• For n = 4: 4³ + 4² = 64 + 16 = 80
• For n = 5: 5³ + 5² = 125 + 25 = 150
• For n = 6: 6³ + 6² = 216 + 36 = 252.

In this coding scheme, the letters are rearranged alphabetically and the highest/initial letter is reduced or letters are sorted in alphabetical order minus the letter: For TRAIN, sorting letters alphabetically gives A, I, N, R, T; dropping the highest letter 'T' yields 'AINR'.

Both actions are practical, immediate administrative remedies to mitigate the problem: diverting traffic prevents congestion and hazards, while running suction pumps addresses the water-logging directly. Hence, both courses of action follow.

Lower voter turnout is not a constitutional ground for cancellation of an entire general election, nor is voting compulsory under Indian law with punitive cancellation of voting rights. Hence neither course of action follows.

A person can be a Mother, a Teacher, and a Doctor simultaneously, or any combination of two, perfectly matching three intersecting circles. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

There are 21 consonants in the English alphabet. Exactly 7 consonants (H, M, T, V, W, X, Y) have vertical symmetry and look identical in a mirror. The remaining 21 - 7 = 14 do not look like their original shapes. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

C and B are grandparents; their son is A, married to F. Their daughters are E and D. Hence E is the granddaughter of C. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

In the coding pattern, each letter of the word is shifted forward by +1 position in the English alphabetical order:

R+1=S, A+1=B, J+1=K, A+1=B, S+1=T (R in distractor), T+1=U, H+1=I, A+1=B, N+1=O.

Applying the +1 shift to 'JAIPUR':

J+1 = K

A+1 = B

I+1 = J

P+1 = Q

U+1 = V

R+1 = S

Result: KBJQVS. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

Money saved due to 21% discount on Rs 1000 = Rs 210. This Rs 210 buys 10.5 kg of rice. Reduced price per kg = 210 / 10.5 = Rs 20. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

Rate of interest R = (3600 × 100) / (8000 × 3) = 15% per annum. Compounded 8-monthly: 8 months = 2/3 year, so rate per period r = 15% × (8/12) = 10%. In 2 years (24 months), number of 8-month periods n = 24 / 8 = 3. Amount A = 8000 × (1 + 0.10)³ = 8000 × 1.331 = ₹ 10,648. Compound Interest CI = 10,648 - 8,000 = ₹ 2,648.

Since 5² + 12² = 25 + 144 = 169 = 13², the triangle is right-angled. Area of triangle = (1/2) × 5 × 12 = 30 sq units. Area of rectangle = length × width = L × 10 = 30 => Length L = 3 units. Perimeter of rectangle = 2 × (L + W) = 2 × (3 + 10) = 2 × 13 = 26 units.

Counting the basic individual triangles and compound composite triangles formed by the intersecting diagonals and medians yields exactly 16 triangles.

Option (B) is correct: Using the clock angle formula θ = |30H - (11/2)M|, for H = 4 and M = 25: θ = |30(4) - (11/2)(25)| = |120 - 137.5| = 17.5°.

Total 5-letter words possible = 10^5 = 100,000. Words with all distinct letters = 10 9 8 7 6 = 30,240. Words with at least one repeated letter = 100,000 - 30,240 = 69,760. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

Possible prime sums from 2 to 12 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11. Number of favorable pairs: for 2 (1), for 3 (2), for 5 (4), for 7 (6), for 11 (2) = 1 + 2 + 4 + 6 + 2 = 15 pairs out of 36. Probability = 15/36 = 5/12. Hence, Option (C) is correct.

Jaipur Municipal Corporation Heritage launched the 'Jaipur 311' app to streamline civic issue reporting and redressal. Hence, Option (C) is correct.

As per the pie-chart data, the combined sectors for Rice, Wheat and Sorghum account for over 50% (180 degrees) of the total land area. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

Under official election data, statement (D) regarding maximum service ballot papers issued in Khinvsar is incorrect according to the RPSC answer key. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

Notiiied in Chhattisgarh, Guru Ghasidas - Tamor Pingla is India's 56th tiger reserve and the third largest tiger reserve in India by area after Nagarjunasagar Srisailam and Manas. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

The Competition Commission of India (CCI) engaged the Management Development Institute (MDI) Society, Gurugram to conduct the market study on Artiiicial Intelligence and Competition.

The Rajasthan MSME Policy 2024 will remain in force for a period of five years until 31 March, 2029. Hence, Option (C) is correct.

Yamandu Orsi won the presidential election in Uruguay in November 2024. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

The Submarine Cable Resilience Summit (scheduled for February 2025) brings together global telecom leaders, hosted in Nigeria to focus on undersea cable infrastructure security and redundancy across Africa and global communications.

South Korean author Han Kang was awarded the 2024 Nobel Prize in Literature 'for her intense poetic prose that confronts historical traumas and exposes the fragility of human life'.

National Awards for the Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities 2024:

• Ananya Bijesh was awarded in Art and Culture (ii)
• Prateek Khandelwal in Music / Entrepreneurship / Accessibility (iii)
• Priyanka Deepak Dabade in Accessibility / Sports (i)

According to the official RPSC key, the correct combination is Option D: (a)-(ii), (b)-(iii), (c)-(i).

In October 2024, Union Cabinet approved classical language status for Marathi, Pali, Prakrit, Assamese, and Bengali, taking the total number of classical languages in India to 11 (6 existing + 5 new). Hence, Option (D) is correct.

The inaugural edition of CINBAX 2024 table top exercise between India and Cambodia was conducted at Pune, Maharashtra. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

The India-Norway Business Round Table was organized on 8th December 2024 in Mumbai, focusing on bilateral trade, maritime sustainability, green energy, and blue economy partnerships.

The Election Commission of India (ECI) launched the upgraded 'Suvidha 2.0' mobile application to provide candidates and political parties a transparent, transparent mechanism for campaign permissions and rally approvals on a first-come, first-served basis.

The Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Experiment (MACE) telescope at Hanle, Ladakh was inaugurated in October 2024 by Dr. Ajit Kumar Mohanty, Chairman of the Atomic Energy Commission (Statement I is true). It is built by BARC with ECIL and Indian industries (Statement III is true). Statement II is incorrect because it is located at an altitude of approximately 4,300 meters (~14,000 feet), not 5,100 meters. Hence, only I and III are correct.

Ajay Seth, Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, Government of India, co-chaired the 2nd India-Japan Financial Dialogue held on 6th September, 2024 in Tokyo with Mr. Atsushi Mimura, Vice Minister of Finance for International Affairs of Japan.

The Union Ministry of Youth Affairs and Sports announced that the state of Bihar will host the Khelo India Youth Games 2025. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

At the ISSF World Cup 2024 held in Cairo, Egypt (January-February 2024), India won a total of 4 medals: 2 Gold medals (Divyansh Singh Panwar in Men's 10m Air Rifle with a world record, and Rhythm Sangwan/Ujjawal Malik in 10m Air Pistol Mixed Team) and 2 Silver medals. Hence, Option (C) [4 medals] is correct.

Statement (A) is correct as Uttarakhand is the host of the 38th National Games. Statement (B) is incorrect because the schedule features 38 sports disciplines (not 28). Therefore, only Statement (A) is correct.

Rajasthan para-shooters won 16 gold and 7 bronze medals at the 5th National Para Shooting Championship in Pune. Hence, Option (C) is correct.

Divith Reddy Adulla is a young Indian chess prodigy from Telangana who won the World Cadet Under-8 Chess Championship held in Italy in 2024.

Archaeologist T.H. Handley explored Naliasar (Sambhar) and identiiied its ancient Buddhist structures and remains. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

Statement A is true: Rao Chunda received Mandore in dowry from the Inda Pratihars in 1394 AD. Statement B is false because upon Rao Chunda's death, his younger son Kanha (not Ranmal) ascended the throne as per Chunda's wishes.

According to 'Rao Jetsi Ro Chhand' written by Bithu Suja, Rao Jaitsi of Bikaner defeated Mughal Prince Kamran (brother of Humayun) in the battle of Bikaner in 1534 AD.

Ojiyana (a white-painted black-and-red ware Chalcolithic site in Bhilwara district) was excavated during 2000-2001 under the direction of B.R. Meena and Alok Tripathi of the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI).

According to the official RPSC key, Option (B) (Only B is correct) is the correct option.

The S.A. Sudhalkar Committee was appointed by the Maharaja of Jodhpur (Marwar) in 1945 to recommend constitutional and administrative reforms. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

Walterkrit Rajput Hitkarini Sabha was founded in 1888 to curb lavish marriage/funeral expenses (tyag, dahej) and child marriage speciiically among Rajputs and Charans, not Dalits. Hence statement B is false.

The Nilkanth Mahadev temple at Rajorgarh (Alwar) built by Gurjara-Pratihara feudatory Mathandev is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Hence, Option (A) is correct.

Chautara (also known as Tandoora or Nishan) is a chordophone instrument with four metal strings (hence named 'Chautara'). It is traditionally played by Kamad community devotees along with Manjira during the Terah Tali dance and while singing the bhajans of folk deity Baba Ramdev ji. Both statements are true.

Khuman Raso was composed by Dalpat Vijay (describing the Mewar ruler Khuman and his descendants). Karnidan was the court poet of Maharaja Abhai Singh of Jodhpur who composed 'Suraj Prakash'. Hence Option C is not rightly matched.

The Battle of Plassey was fought on 23 June 1757 between the British East India Company led by Robert Clive and Nawab Siraj-ud-Daulah of Bengal, inaugurating British political dominance.

Saint Laldas was a householder (grihastha) saint who married and had children, making statement A false. The main peeth is indeed at Nagla Jahaz (Bharatpur). Hence, Option (B) is correct.

Banabhatta was the Asthana Kavi in the court of King Harsha and authored the biographical work 'Harshacharita' as well as the Sanskrit prose romance 'Kadambari'.

Shobha Ram Kumawat served as Prime Minister of Matsya Union and later as Revenue Minister in Heeralal Shastri's cabinet in Greater Rajasthan. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

In Rajasthani culture and dialect, traditional riddles and puzzles are referred to as 'Aadi' or 'Hiyali'. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

Kushan emperor Vima Kadphises issued gold and copper coins with titles 'Maharaja Rajadhiraja Sarvalokeshwara Mahishwara' (devotee of Lord Shiva). Hence, Option (B) is correct.

The Sanskrit word 'Stupa' literally means a mound, heap, or accumulation raised up. The tradition of raising tumuli or burial mounds over the relics of great kings or sages existed in Vedic and pre-Buddhist India, which Buddhism subsequently adopted and transformed into sacred architectural monuments. Both statements are true.

Divyavadana and Aryamanjushrimulakalpa are prominent Mahayana/Vajrayana Buddhist treatises written in Sanskrit. Deepavamsa (Dipavamsa) and Mahavamsa are Pali chronicles of ancient Sri Lanka. Hence, texts written in Sanskrit are A and D (Option C).

The Ajivika philosophy founded by Makkhali Gosala is centered on absolute fatalism/determinism (Niyati), asserting that human effort cannot alter the predetermined cycle of samsara/reincarnation (rendering Statement B false). Ajivikas engaged in severe ascetic austerities and penance (Statement C is true). Hence, statements A and C are correct.

Sher Shah Suri built his own magniiicent octagonal tomb in Sasaram (Bihar) and the Qila-i-Kuhna Mosque inside Purana Qila, Delhi. (The tomb of Akbar at Sikandra was built by Jahangir, and Jama Masjid of Delhi was built by Shah Jahan). Hence, monuments built by Sher Shah are A and B.

Dholavira, located on Khadir Bet in the Rann of Kutch (Gujarat), is renowned for its sophisticated rock-cut water reservoirs and hydraulic engineering system.

Abanindranath Tagore painted the iconic image of 'Bharat Mata' in 1905 during the Swadeshi Movement. Hence, Option (B) is correct.

Veerasaiva poet Mallanarya composed 'Bhava Chinta Ratna' (1513) and 'Veerasaivamrita' (1530) in the Kannada language during the reign of Vijayanagara emperor Krishnadevaraya. Hence, Option (D) is correct.

Dr. A. Lakshmanaswami Mudaliar (Vice-Chancellor of Madras University) was appointed Chairman of the Secondary Education Commission in September 1952 (hence known as the Mudaliar Commission). Hence, Option (D) is correct.

Correct matches:

A. Gobi Desert - ii. Asia (Mongolia/China)

B. Patagonian Desert - iii. South America (Argentina)

C. Great Victoria Desert - iv. Australia

D. Kalahari Desert - i. Southern Africa (Botswana/Namibia)

Thus, code is ii, iii, iv, i.

Mediterranean agriculture is found around the Mediterranean basin, coastal California, central Chile, southwest South Africa (Cape Town), and southwestern/southern Australia. Northern Australia lies in the tropical monsoon/savanna belt, not Mediterranean.

Both statements are true. The Moderates (Liberals) admired European Enlightenment values, representative institutions, and modern scientiiic education, while pioneering a devastating economic critique of British colonial exploitation and wealth drain.

From North to South in the Trans-Himalayan and Himalayan system: Karakoram (C) -> Ladakh (A) -> Zaskar (D) -> Shiwalik (B). Hence the correct order is C, A, D, B.

MONEX (Monsoon Experiment) 1979 was a major international observational experiment organized under the Global Atmospheric Research Programme (GARP) primarily by India and the Soviet Union (USSR), along with WMO, not the USA and India. Hence D is incorrect.

Correct matches:

A. Rapti - iv. Ghaghra

B. Tista - i. Brahmaputra

C. Hiran - ii. Narmada

D. Purna - iii. Godavari

Thus, the correct code is iv, i, ii, iii.

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Global Forest Resources Assessment, the highest rates of deforestation globally occur in tropical forests (tropical rainforests and dry forests of South America, Southeast Asia, and Africa).