With reference to the Supreme Court of India, consider the following statements: 1. The Supreme Court was inaugurated on 28 January 1950. 2. Under Article 141, the law declared by the Supreme Court is binding on all courts within the territory of India. 3. The collegium system of judicial appointments evolved through judgements of the Supreme Court rather than from the text of the Constitution. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Under the Chief Election Commissioner and other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023, the Selection Committee for appointment consists of: 1. The Prime Minister of India as Chairperson 2. The Chief Justice of India 3. The Leader of the Opposition or Leader of the largest opposition party in Lok Sabha 4. A Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023 (Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam), consider the following statements: 1. It reserves one-third of all seats for women in the Lok Sabha, the State Legislative Assemblies, and the Legislative Assembly of NCT of Delhi. 2. The reservation shall come into effect immediately upon the notification of the Act without any prerequisite. 3. The reservation is granted for an initial period of 15 years from the date of its commencement. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Regarding Central Bank Digital Currency (CBDC / Digital Rupee - e₹) launched by the Reserve Bank of India, consider the following statements: 1. CBDC is a legal tender issued by the central bank in digital form and appears as a liability on the central bank's balance sheet. 2. Digital Rupee (e₹) carries a sovereign guarantee and pays periodic interest to the holder comparable to bank deposits. 3. Wholesale CBDC (e₹-W) is designed for interbank settlement of secondary market transactions in government securities. Which of the statements given above are correct?

With reference to the India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC) announced on the sidelines of the G20 New Delhi Summit, consider the following statements: 1. IMEC bypasses the Arabian Gulf entirely and connects Mumbai directly to the Arctic Ocean via Russia. 2. It includes a railway network, ship-rail transit network, electricity cable, clean hydrogen pipeline, and high-speed data cable. 3. The corridor bypasses the Suez Canal, providing an alternative overland rail and maritime trade route between Mumbai and Piraeus/Hamburg. Which of the statements given above are correct?

With reference to India's solar observation mission 'Aditya-L1', consider the following statements: 1. It is placed in a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point 1 (L1), approximately 1.5 million km from the Earth. 2. At the L1 point, the gravitational forces of the two large masses (Sun and Earth) balance each other and equal the centripetal force required for a small object to move with them. 3. The mission landed an automated rover vehicle on the outer surface of the Sun. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following pairs of UNESCO World Heritage Sites inscribed from India: 1. Santiniketan : West Bengal (founded by Rabindranath Tagore) 2. Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas : Belur, Halebidu, and Somanathapura in Karnataka 3. Moidams : Mound-burial system of the Ahom Dynasty in Assam How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

With reference to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (GBF) adopted under the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), consider the following statements: 1. Target 3 commits world governments to protect at least 30% of terrestrial, inland water, and coastal and marine areas by 2030 (the '30x30' target). 2. Target 2 mandates that at least 30% of degraded ecosystems globally are under effective restoration by 2030. 3. The Framework is legally binding on all ratified member states with strict financial penalties for non-compliance. Which of the statements given above are correct?

The 'Bab-el-Mandeb' strait, frequently mentioned in news in the context of international maritime commerce and geopolitical security, connects which of the following water bodies? 1. Red Sea and Gulf of Aden 2. Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman 3. Mediterranean Sea and Red Sea 4. Black Sea and Sea of Marmara Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements regarding the Green Credit Programme (GCP) notified by India under the LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment) movement: 1. It is an innovative market-based mechanism designed to incentivize voluntary environmental actions across diverse sectors beyond carbon emissions alone. 2. Green Credits can only be traded on international compliance carbon registries like the UNFCCC Clean Development Mechanism. 3. Tree plantation on degraded forest land and wasteland is one of the primary eligible activities under the initial phase. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'Vishnuprayag' Hydroelectric Project: 1. It is located on the Alaknanda River. 2. It is situated in the state of Uttarakhand. 3. It is a nuclear thermal power plant located on the banks of the Kaveri River in Tamil Nadu. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Ram Janmabhoomi Temple' in Ayodhya, consider the following statements: 1. It is built in the traditional Nagara style of temple architecture. 2. The temple complex was designed by the Sompura family of temple architects. 3. The main sanctum sanctorum is constructed entirely using modern pre-stressed structural steel and iron rods. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'One Nation, One Election' proposal: 1. It proposes simultaneous elections to the Lok Sabha and State Legislative Assemblies. 2. The proposal was recommended by a high-level committee headed by former President Ram Nath Kovind. 3. The proposal permanently eliminates the Rajya Sabha and dissolves all State Governor offices. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Global South' is a term used to refer to: 1. Developing and emerging countries of the world sharing socio-economic challenges. 2. Countries that are located exclusively south of the Equator. 3. Countries that are permanent members of the G7 group. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Maritime India Vision (MIV) 2030', consider the following statements: 1. It aims to expand India's port capacity and modernize maritime infrastructure. 2. It focuses on the sustainable development of the blue economy and inland waterways. 3. It mandates the immediate privatization of the Indian Navy and submarine fleet. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'Jal Jeevan Mission': 1. It was launched in 2019 under the Ministry of Jal Shakti. 2. It aims to provide functional household tap connection to every rural household. 3. It has achieved 100% coverage in all Indian states without exception. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'BIMSTEC' grouping includes which of the following countries? 1. India 2. Bangladesh 3. Bhutan 4. Myanmar 5. Pakistan Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to the 'Chilika Lake', consider the following statements: 1. It is the largest brackish water lagoon in Asia and the second largest in the world. 2. It is located in the state of Odisha on the east coast of India. 3. It is an artificial freshwater reservoir situated in the Thar Desert of Rajasthan. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI)': 1. It was established as a statutory body in 1992 under the SEBI Act. 2. It regulates the securities market and protects the interests of investors. 3. SEBI is a private non-profit entity with no statutory powers to issue penalties or regulations. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The Republic of 'Malawi' is a landlocked country located in: 1. East Africa 2. South America 3. Southeast Asia Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Consider the following statements about the 'Indian National Movement': 1. The Swadeshi Movement was launched in response to the Partition of Bengal in 1905. 2. The Home Rule Movement was led by Annie Besant and Bal Gangadhar Tilak. 3. The Quit India Movement was launched in 1905 under the leadership of Lord Curzon. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'National Education Policy (NEP) 2020', consider the following statements: 1. It recommends the use of mother tongue or local language as the medium of instruction until at least Grade 5. 2. It replaces the 10+2 structure with a 5+3+3+4 curricular pedagogical framework. 3. The policy completely abolishes higher education and disbands all Indian universities. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'National High Speed Rail Corporation Limited (NHSRCL)': 1. It is the implementing Special Purpose Vehicle for the Mumbai-Ahmedabad High Speed Rail project. 2. It is incorporated with equity participation from the Ministry of Railways and the State Governments of Gujarat and Maharashtra. 3. NHSRCL is owned exclusively by foreign airlines with zero equity participation from the Government of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Kosi River' is often called the 'Sorrow of Bihar' because: 1. It frequently changes its course causing devastating floods due to heavy silt deposition. 2. It originates from Tibet and flows through Nepal before entering India. 3. It flows westward and drains into the Arabian Sea through the Gulf of Khambhat. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'RBI's Monetary Policy Committee (MPC)': 1. It is a statutory body constituted under Section 45ZB of the Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934. 2. It was established in 2016 to fix the benchmark repo rate to achieve the inflation target. 3. The Union Finance Minister serves as the ex-officio Chairperson of the Committee. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Gandhi-Irwin Pact' of 1931, consider the following statements: 1. It was signed between Mahatma Gandhi and Viceroy Lord Irwin in March 1931. 2. It led to the suspension of the Civil Disobedience Movement and Congress agreement to participate in the Second Round Table Conference. 3. Under the pact, the British agreed to grant complete immediate independence (Purna Swaraj) to India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Pradhan Mantri Matsya Sampada Yojana (PMMSY)' aims to: 1. Promote sustainable, ecologically healthy, and economically viable development of fisheries. 2. Enhance fish production and productivity through modern infrastructure and value chain management. 3. Impose a total nationwide ban on all fishing activities in inland and marine waters. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'North Eastern Council (NEC)': 1. It was established as a permanent constitutional body under Article 263 of the Constitution in 1950. 2. It is a statutory body established under the North Eastern Council Act, 1971. 3. It functions as the nodal regional planning body for the balanced socio-economic development of the North Eastern Region. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Maldives' is of strategic and security significance for India in terms of: 1. Ongoing land border boundary demarcations across the Himalayan Karakoram range. 2. Security of vital sea lanes of communication (SLOCs) across the central Indian Ocean. 3. Geopolitical influence and peace in the wider Indian Ocean Region. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'National Foundation for Corporate Governance (NFCG)', consider the following statements: 1. It was set up by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs in partnership with CII, ICAI, and ICSI. 2. It aims to foster a culture of good corporate governance and transparency in India. 3. It replaces the Supreme Court in prosecuting corporate criminal offenses. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'Kumbh Mela': 1. It is held exclusively in Varanasi and Mathura every 25 years. 2. It is held rotationally at four sacred riverbank pilgrimage sites: Prayagraj, Haridwar, Ujjain, and Nashik. 3. It has been inscribed on UNESCO's Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Strategic Partnership (SP)' model in defence manufacturing in India: 1. Outsources the entire sovereign command of the Armed Forces to foreign commercial firms. 2. Aims to encourage domestic manufacturing capability in major defence platforms like submarines, fighter aircraft, and tanks. 3. Involves long-term collaboration between shortlisted Indian private companies and foreign Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs). Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Punjab region', consider the following statements: 1. The name Punjab historically derives from the Persian words for five waters, referring to the rivers Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej. 2. The Green Revolution in India was first pioneered in this fertile alluvial plain during the late 1960s. 3. The region is situated entirely south of the Tropic of Cancer in peninsular India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'NAVIC' (Navigation with Indian Constellation): 1. It is owned and operated exclusively by foreign space agencies with zero Indian control. 2. It provides accurate positioning services to users in India as well as the region extending up to 1,500 km around the country. 3. It utilizes a constellation of satellites placed in geostationary and geosynchronous orbits. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Vienna Convention' (1985) and its associated 'Montreal Protocol' (1987) are primarily aimed at: 1. Protection of the stratospheric ozone layer through the phase-out of Ozone Depleting Substances. 2. Setting binding carbon market emission reduction quotas under the Kyoto Protocol. 3. Regulating international maritime piracy in the Mediterranean Sea. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA)': 1. It is an extra-constitutional body headed by the Chief Justice of India. 2. It is a statutory body chaired ex-officio by the Prime Minister of India. 3. It is responsible for laying down policies, plans, and guidelines for disaster management in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Ajanta Caves', consider the following statements: 1. They are modern brick structures constructed during the late Mughal period in the 17th century. 2. They consist of ancient rock-cut Buddhist cave monuments famous for their mural paintings and frescoes. 3. They were excavated in horse-shoe shaped rock gorges along the Waghora River in Maharashtra. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Pradhan Mantri Shram Yogi Maandhan (PM-SYM)' scheme is: 1. A mandatory scheme enforced exclusively upon salaried corporate executives and high-income taxpayers. 2. A voluntary and contributory pension scheme targeted at unorganized workers with monthly income up to ₹15,000. 3. Administered under the Ministry of Labour and Employment in partnership with LIC. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'Gulf Stream': 1. It is a freezing cold sub-surface current flowing southwards from the Arctic towards Antarctica. 2. It originates in the Gulf of Mexico and flows into the North Atlantic Ocean. 3. It exerts a significant moderating warming effect on the climate of Western and Northwestern Europe. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Legislative Council' (Vidhan Parishad) in Indian states, consider the following statements: 1. Every Indian state is constitutionally required to have a bicameral legislature with a Legislative Council. 2. It can be created or abolished by an Act of Parliament if the Legislative Assembly of that State passes a resolution by special majority. 3. Members of the Legislative Council are elected through proportional representation by means of the single transferable vote. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Kaziranga National Park' is globally recognized for: 1. It is located in the desert dunes of western Rajasthan. 2. Breeding habitat for the Royal Bengal Tiger. 3. Harbours significant breeding populations of Asian Elephants and Wild Water Buffalo. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'Scheduled Tribes and Other Traditional Forest Dwellers (Recognition of Forest Rights) Act, 2006': 1. The Act completely bans all tribal communities from entering forest areas across India. 2. It recognizes both individual rights to cultivated land and community forest rights over common resources. 3. It vests the Gram Sabha with the authority to initiate the process for determining forest rights. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Indo-Pacific' region has gained paramount strategic importance in recent years. In this context, consider the following statements: 1. It represents an exclusive mutual military alliance treaty between Chile and Argentina. 2. The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) comprising India, the US, Japan, and Australia supports a free, open, and inclusive Indo-Pacific. 3. ASEAN centrality is widely recognized as a foundational pillar of Indo-Pacific architecture. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Bhimbetka rock shelters', consider the following statements: 1. They are located in the Raisen District of Madhya Pradesh in the foothills of the Vindhyan Mountains. 2. They contain prehistoric rock paintings providing continuous evidence of human cultural evolution from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic periods. 3. They are designated as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'National Income' concepts in India: 1. Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures the total monetary value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic economic territory during a given year. 2. Gross National Product (GNP) equals GDP plus Net Factor Income from Abroad (NFIA). 3. GDP at factor cost equals GDP at market prices minus indirect taxes plus subsidies. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Narmada River' is characterized by which of the following features? 1. It is the fifth longest river in India and the largest west-flowing river of peninsular India. 2. It flows through a linear rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges into the Arabian Sea. 3. The multipurpose Sardar Sarovar Dam is constructed on this river in Gujarat. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'Vijayanagara Empire': 1. It was founded in 1336 along the Tungabhadra River by Harihara I and Bukka Raya I. 2. The empire reached its cultural and political zenith during the reign of Krishnadevaraya of the Tuluva dynasty. 3. The catastrophic defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565) initiated the swift decline of the empire. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'National Commission for Women (NCW)': 1. Is a statutory body constituted under the National Commission for Women Act, 1990. 2. Was established in January 1992 to review constitutional and legal safeguards for women. 3. Has the power to inspect jails, remand homes, and investigate complaints relating to the deprivation of women's rights. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the global response to the 'COVID-19 pandemic', consider the following statements: 1. The World Health Organization declared the outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern (PHEIC) in January 2020. 2. India launched the humanitarian 'Vaccine Maitri' initiative to supply Made-in-India vaccines to countries across the world. 3. The pandemic disrupted international logistics supply chains and caused widespread economic contraction globally. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)': 1. It is an ocean-atmosphere climate phenomenon characterized by irregular sea surface temperature oscillations across the equatorial Indian Ocean. 2. It is measured by the Dipole Mode Index, which calculates the sea surface temperature gradient between the western and eastern tropical Indian Ocean. 3. A positive IOD event is typically associated with warmer western waters and above-normal monsoon precipitation over the Indian subcontinent. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'National Savings Certificate (NSC)' is: 1. A popular small savings postal instrument backed by the Government of India. 2. A fixed-income investment scheme with a fixed maturity period and compounded interest. 3. Eligible for tax deductions under Section 80C of the Income Tax Act, 1961. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about 'Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose': 1. He reorganized and assumed supreme leadership of the Indian National Army (Azad Hind Fauj) in Singapore in 1943. 2. He was elected President of the Indian National Congress at the Haripura session in 1938. 3. He formed the Forward Bloc in 1939 and advocated uncompromising complete independence from British rule. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to 'Biosphere Reserves' in India, consider the following statements: 1. They are designated under UNESCO's Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme to promote sustainable development based on local community efforts. 2. They consist of a core protected area, a buffer zone, and an outer transition zone. 3. The Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve was established in 1986 as the first biosphere reserve in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'President of India': 1. Under Article 53 of the Constitution, the executive power of the Union is vested in the President. 2. The President is elected by an electoral college consisting of the elected members of both Houses of Parliament and the elected members of the Legislative Assemblies of States and Union Territories. 3. The President has the power to promulgate ordinances under Article 123 when either House of Parliament is not in session. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'RCEP' (Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership) is: 1. A mega free trade agreement among Asia-Pacific nations including ASEAN member states, China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, and New Zealand. 2. It accounts for approximately 30% of global GDP and world population. 3. India ratified and officially joined the RCEP agreement in 2024. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the layers of the 'Earth's Atmosphere', consider the following statements: 1. The troposphere is the lowest atmospheric layer containing almost all weather phenomena and water vapor. 2. The stratospheric ozone layer absorbs harmful ultraviolet-B radiation emitted by the Sun. 3. The exosphere is the outermost atmospheric zone where gases gradually thin out and merge into interplanetary space. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the term 'Mint Street' in Indian economics: 1. It colloquially refers to the Reserve Bank of India, drawing its name from the RBI's central office located near Mint Road in Mumbai. 2. It is associated with monetary policymaking, banking regulation, and currency issuance operations in India. 3. The term refers exclusively to the Ministry of Finance headquarters located on Raisina Hill in New Delhi. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Rowlatt Act' of 1919 was vehemently opposed across India because: 1. It empowered the colonial government to arrest and detain political suspects without trial for up to two years. 2. It was passed by the Imperial Legislative Council despite unanimous opposition from all non-official Indian members. 3. The nationwide Satyagraha protests called against it directly culminated in the tragic Jallianwala Bagh massacre. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Consider the following statements about the 'National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA)': 1. It is a statutory body constituted under Section 38L of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972. 2. It oversees the management, funding, and ecological standards of Tiger Reserves across India. 3. It conducts the quadrennial All India Tiger Estimation in scientific collaboration with the Wildlife Institute of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

The 'Gandhi Peace Prize' is: 1. An annual international award instituted by the Government of India. 2. Established in 1995 on the occasion of the 125th birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. 3. Conferred upon individuals and institutions for their outstanding contributions towards social, economic, and political transformation through non-violence. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Swadeshi Movement (1905)', consider the following statements: 1. It was launched in formal protest against the partition of Bengal ordered by Lord Curzon. 2. The British Government annulled the partition of Bengal in 1911. 3. The movement remained strictly confined within Bengal and did not spread to any other province of India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Revolt of 1857', consider the following statements: 1. The mutinous outbreak began at Meerut on 10 May 1857. 2. Bahadur Shah Zafar was proclaimed the symbolic Emperor of India (Shahenshah-e-Hindustan) by the rebellious sepoys. 3. The revolt led to the formal liquidation of the East India Company's rule and transfer of power to the British Crown under the Government of India Act, 1858. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List-I (Movement) A. Chipko Movement B. Narmada Bachao Andolan C. Bhoodan Movement D. Silent Valley Movement List-II (Associated Leader) 1. Sunderlal Bahuguna 2. Medha Patkar 3. Vinoba Bhave 4. Sugathakumari

With reference to the 'Indus Valley Civilization', consider the following statements: 1. Harappa and Mohenjo-daro were the two primary urban hubs of the civilization. 2. Iron was extensively smelted and used for manufacturing weapons and agricultural ploughs. 3. The monumental Great Bath structure was excavated at Mohenjo-daro. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Suez Canal', consider the following statements: 1. It is an artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt connecting the Mediterranean Sea directly to the Red Sea. 2. It physically separates the continents of Asia and Europe. 3. It is located at the narrowest strait of the Arabian Peninsula. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'monsoon in India', consider the following statements: 1. The southwest monsoon is driven by the differential heating of the landmass and the surrounding Indian Ocean along with the northward migration of the ITCZ. 2. The retreating northeast monsoon brings the bulk of annual rainfall to the coastal regions of Tamil Nadu. 3. The southwest monsoon rainfall arrives first in western Rajasthan before any other part of the Indian territory. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which of the following pairs is/are correctly matched? Strait — Water Bodies Connected 1. Strait of Hormuz — Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman 2. Strait of Malacca — Andaman Sea (Indian Ocean) and South China Sea (Pacific Ocean) 3. Bering Strait — Atlantic Ocean and Arctic Ocean Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to 'coral reefs', consider the following statements: 1. Hermatypic reef-building corals thrive in warm, shallow, clear, and well-oxygenated tropical waters. 2. The Great Barrier Reef is situated off the northeastern coast of Queensland, Australia. 3. Coral bleaching occurs when sustained thermal stress induces corals to expel their symbiotic photosynthetic zooxanthellae. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Nari Shakti Vandan Adhiniyam (Women's Reservation Act, 2023)', consider the following statements: 1. It reserves one-third of the total seats for women in the Lok Sabha and the State Legislative Assemblies. 2. It came into operational effect immediately upon receiving Presidential assent in September 2023. 3. It was enacted as the Constitution (One Hundred and Sixth Amendment) Act, 2023. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'appointment of judges in India', consider the following statements: 1. The Collegium system for judicial appointments evolved judicially through the Three Judges Cases rather than through an Act of Parliament. 2. The National Judicial Appointments Commission (NJAC) established by the 99th Constitutional Amendment was upheld as constitutional by the Supreme Court. 3. The Chief Justice of India is appointed by the Prime Minister in his executive discretion. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Election Commission of India (ECI)', consider the following statements: 1. It is a permanent constitutional body established directly under Article 324 of the Constitution. 2. It conducts elections to Parliament, State Legislatures, and the offices of the President and Vice-President. 3. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed from office only in like manner and on the like grounds as a Judge of the Supreme Court. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to 'Fundamental Duties' enshrined in Part IVA of the Constitution, consider the following statements: 1. They were incorporated into the Constitution by the 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act, 1976, upon the recommendations of the Swaran Singh Committee. 2. They are directly justiciable and enforceable by courts through the issuance of constitutional writs. 3. They were originally ten in number, with the eleventh duty added later by the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2002. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'India-Middle East-Europe Economic Corridor (IMEC)', consider the following statements: 1. It was formally announced during the G20 Leaders' Summit in New Delhi in September 2023. 2. It aims to connect India with Europe through a multimodal trans-regional network of ship-to-rail lines across the Arabian Peninsula. 3. Pakistan and Afghanistan are official founding signatories to the IMEC memorandum of understanding. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'digital rupee (Central Bank Digital Currency - CBDC)', consider the following statements: 1. The Reserve Bank of India launched pilot projects for the digital rupee (e₹) in wholesale and retail segments in 2022. 2. The digital rupee is a decentralized, unregulated cryptocurrency created on a public blockchain. 3. The digital rupee is recognized as a non-legal tender instrument in India. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'PM Gati Shakti National Master Plan', consider the following statements: 1. It aims at multi-modal, synchronized planning and execution of infrastructure connectivity projects across India. 2. It was launched in October 2021 to break departmental silos and reduce logistics costs. 3. It brings various infrastructure ministries onto a unified digital spatial GIS platform developed by BISAG-N. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to 'Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in India', consider the following statements: 1. FDI up to 100% is permitted under the automatic route in a majority of non-critical manufacturing and services sectors. 2. FDI is strictly prohibited in sectors such as the lottery business, gambling and betting, and chit funds. 3. FDI in multi-brand retail trading is completely prohibited under all circumstances. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Global Biofuels Alliance (GBA)', consider the following statements: 1. It was officially launched during the G20 Leaders' Summit in New Delhi in September 2023. 2. India, the United States, and Brazil are among its primary founding co-leaders. 3. It aims to accelerate global trade in sustainable biofuels and advance international standards and technology transfer. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to 'Project Tiger' in India, consider the following statements: 1. It was launched in April 1973 from the Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand. 2. India currently harbors more than 70% of the world's entire wild tiger population. 3. The national tiger population census in India is conducted every single year. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to 'Mission LiFE (Lifestyle for Environment)', consider the following statements: 1. It was introduced by India as an international mass movement to encourage individual and collective pro-planet behavioral choices. 2. It imposes compulsory carbon penalty taxes on all domestic household electricity consumers. 3. It legally replaces India's Nationally Determined Contributions under the Paris Climate Agreement. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to ISRO's lunar mission 'Chandrayaan-3', consider the following statements: 1. It achieved a historic soft landing near the lunar south polar region on 23 August 2023. 2. With this achievement, India became the fourth country in the world to accomplish a soft landing on the Moon. 3. The landing payload comprised the lander module named 'Vikram' and the exploration rover named 'Pragyan'. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to India's solar observatory 'Aditya-L1', consider the following statements: 1. It is India's first dedicated space-based observatory mission designed to study the solar atmosphere. 2. It is inserted into a halo orbit around the Sun-Earth Lagrangian point 1 (L1). 3. The L1 point is located at an orbital distance of approximately 1.5 million km from the Sun. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to 'CRISPR-Cas9' technology, consider the following statements: 1. It is a molecular tool that enables precise editing of specific sequences within genomes. 2. It was originally discovered and adapted from a natural antiviral defense mechanism in bacteria. 3. Its molecular mechanism functions only in plant cells and cannot be applied to animal or human DNA. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'G20 New Delhi Summit (2023)', consider the following statements: 1. The African Union was formally inducted as a permanent member of the G20 during the summit. 2. The summit achieved unanimous consensus in adopting the comprehensive New Delhi Leaders' Declaration. 3. It marked the very first occasion where India hosted the G20 Leaders' Summit. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to 'India's G20 presidency', consider the following statements: 1. India held the G20 presidency from 1 December 2022 to 30 November 2023. 2. The overarching theme of India's presidency was 'Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam' (One Earth, One Family, One Future). 3. Brazil handed over the presidency gavel to India at the conclusion of the Bali Summit. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Israel-Hamas conflict (2023)', consider the following statements: 1. Hostilities escalated sharply following a coordinated cross-border attack launched by Hamas on 7 October 2023. 2. The Gaza Strip has been under the administrative de facto control of Hamas since 2007. 3. The Gaza Strip shares an extensive international land border with the Kingdom of Jordan. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the Harappan city of 'Dholavira', consider the following statements: 1. It is located on Khadir Bet island in the Great Rann of Kutch in Gujarat. 2. Unlike other Harappan settlements divided into two parts, Dholavira was fortified and divided into three distinct sectors: Citadel, Middle Town, and Lower Town. 3. It is renowned for an intricate cascade of interconnected rock-cut water reservoirs and sophisticated rainwater harvesting engineering. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to ancient 'Sangam literature', consider the following statements: 1. The Sangam poems were composed during assemblies of Tamil poets convened under the royal patronage of the Pandya kings at Madurai. 2. The 'Tolkappiyam' is the earliest surviving comprehensive treatise on Tamil grammar, poetics, and socio-cultural life. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the early medieval 'Bhakti movement' in South India, consider the following statements: 1. The Alvars were poet-saints deeply devoted to Lord Vishnu, while the Nayanars were devoted to Lord Shiva. 2. The Nayanars composed sacred hymns exclusively in devotion to Vishnu. 3. Andal was a prominent male warrior saint among the early Nayanars. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to 'Mughal administration', consider the following statements: 1. The Mansabdari system was introduced by Emperor Akbar as an institutional framework combining military and civil governance. 2. In the dual rank classification, 'Zat' fixed the number of cavalrymen and horses a noble was required to maintain, while 'Sawar' determined personal status and salary. 3. 'Jagirs' were assignments of revenue rights over land given to nobles in lieu of cash salary, without conferring hereditary ownership over the land. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the background causes of the 'Revolt of 1857', consider the following statements: 1. The General Service Enlistment Act of 1856, requiring sepoys to serve overseas, was enacted by Lord Dalhousie. 2. The Doctrine of Lapse was aggressively applied by Lord Dalhousie to annex Indian princely states like Satara, Sambalpur, and Jhansi. 3. Mangal Pandey was a sepoy belonging to the British Gurkha Rifles stationed at Meerut. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the 'Moderate phase' of the Indian National Congress (1885–1905), consider the following statements: 1. Dadabhai Naoroji propounded the economic 'Drain of Wealth' theory in his pioneering work 'Poverty and Un-British Rule in India'. 2. The Moderates demanded immediate and unconditional Purna Swaraj (complete severance of ties with the British Empire). 3. The primary methodology of the Moderates centered on armed insurrection and violent boycott. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the early Gandhian mass movements in India, consider the following statements: 1. The Champaran Satyagraha of 1917 was Mahatma Gandhi's first civil disobedience movement in India, fought against the exploitative European indigo planters. 2. The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 was organized to support peasants unable to pay land revenue due to severe crop failure. 3. The Ahmedabad Mill Strike of 1918 witnessed Gandhi's first use of a hunger strike as a political instrument during an industrial wage dispute. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the revolutionary nationalist movement in India during the 1920s, consider the following statements: 1. Bhagat Singh and Batukeshwar Dutt threw smoke bombs and leaflets inside the Central Legislative Assembly in April 1929 to protest against the Public Safety Bill. 2. The Hindustan Socialist Republican Association (HSRA) was reorganized at Feroz Shah Kotla, Delhi, under the leadership of revolutionaries including Chandra Shekhar Azad and Bhagat Singh. 3. Surya Sen masterminded and led the Kakori train dacoity of August 1925. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer using the code given below: List-I (Constitutional Act) A. Government of India Act, 1919 B. Government of India Act, 1935 C. Indian Councils Act, 1909 D. Indian Independence Act, 1947 List-II (Key Feature) 1. Provincial Autonomy and establishment of a Federal Court 2. Introduction of Dyarchy in provincial governments 3. Separate communal electorates for Muslims 4. Creation of two independent sovereign Dominions

With reference to 19th-century socio-religious reform movements in India, consider the following statements: 1. Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's resolute crusade played an instrumental role in the enactment of the Hindu Widows' Remarriage Act, 1856. 2. Jyotirao Phule established the Satyashodhak Samaj in Maharashtra in 1873 to liberate the oppressed backward castes from priestly domination. 3. The Arya Samaj was founded by Swami Vivekananda in Calcutta in 1875. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to ancient Indian inscriptions and epigraphy, consider the following statements: 1. The Ashokan Brahmi rock and pillar edicts were successfully deciphered by James Prinsep in 1837. 2. The Allahabad Pillar Inscription (Prayaga Prashasti) eulogizing Samudragupta was composed by Kalidasa. 3. The Hathigumpha cave inscription at Udayagiri records the biographical military achievements of King Kharavela of Kalinga. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Which of the following events and features are associated with the 'Quit India Movement' of 1942? 1. Ratification of the Quit India Resolution at the Bombay session of the All India Congress Committee on 8 August 1942 2. Mahatma Gandhi's historic clarion call of 'Do or Die' (Karo ya Maro) 3. Underground resistance network organized by socialist leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan, Aruna Asaf Ali, and Ram Manohar Lohia 4. Establishment of parallel independent governments (Prati-Sarkars) in places such as Ballia, Tamluk, and Satara Select the correct answer using the code given below:

With reference to the 'Western Ghats' (Sahyadri), consider the following statements: 1. The Western Ghats are an ancient fault-scarp mountain chain geologically older than the Himalayas. 2. Anamudi, the highest peak of peninsular India and the Western Ghats, is situated in Tamil Nadu. 3. The Western Ghats act as an orographic barrier causing heavy monsoon rainfall along the western coastal strip. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the drainage systems of India, consider the following statements: 1. The Narmada River flows westward through a linear rift valley between the Vindhya and Satpura ranges. 2. The Godavari is the longest river flowing entirely within the territorial boundaries of India. 3. The Brahmaputra River originates from the Gangotri glacier in Uttarakhand. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to the major soil types of India, consider the following statements: 1. Alluvial soils are the most widespread soil order in India, covering over 40% of the land area, and are generally rich in potash but deficient in nitrogen. 2. Black (regur) soils, derived from Deccan trap basalt, are clayey, highly moisture-retentive, and self-ploughing, making them ideal for cotton cultivation. 3. Laterite soils, formed under conditions of intense tropical leaching, are exceptionally rich in organic humus and nitrogen. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?