Sovereign Debt Crises, IMF Bailouts & Global Taxation: Pakistan, Sri Lanka Recovery, Argentina Reforms & OECD Pillars 1 & 2

Under the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) approved for Pakistan, approximately what total amount of financial assistance was authorized under the 37-month IMF programme?

To what level did the State Bank of Pakistan adjust its benchmark policy interest rate in April 2026 as part of monetary stabilization measures?

Which devastating tropical cyclone struck Sri Lanka in 2026, creating severe economic and infrastructure damage during its IMF-supported economic recovery?

Approximately what volume of external debt repayments is due in 2027 for Argentina, representing a major fiscal hurdle for President Javier Milei's administration?

What is the agreed global minimum corporate tax rate established under Pillar Two of the OECD/G20 Inclusive Framework on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS)?

What is the global annual consolidated revenue threshold for multinational enterprise groups to be covered under the OECD Pillar Two 15% Global Minimum Tax rules?

Which international forum of official bilateral creditors, based in the French Treasury in Paris, coordinates debt rescheduling and relief for distressed sovereign debtor nations?

In which city is the headquarters of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) located?

What is the name of the IMF's international reserve asset, created in 1969 to supplement member countries' official foreign exchange reserves?

With reference to the G20 Common Framework for Debt Treatments beyond the DSSI, consider the following statements: 1. It was established by the G20 in collaboration with the Paris Club to coordinate sovereign debt restructuring for eligible low-income countries. 2. It requires that debtor countries seek debt treatment terms from private commercial creditors that are at least as favorable as those agreed with bilateral creditors. 3. The Framework applies exclusively to high-income members of the OECD facing municipal bankruptcy. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the two pillars of the OECD/G20 Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS) project: 1. Pillar One reallocates a portion of taxing rights on the residual profits of the largest multinational enterprises to market jurisdictions where goods or services are consumed. 2. Pillar Two establishes a 15% global minimum effective corporate tax rate on multinational enterprises with global annual revenues of at least €750 million. 3. Under Pillar Two, if a multinational pays tax below 15% in a tax haven, other jurisdictions can levy a top-up tax under the GloBE rules. Which of the statements given above are correct?

With reference to the International Monetary Fund's Special Drawing Rights (SDR) valuation basket, consider the following statements: 1. The SDR is a currency issued directly by commercial banks to individual citizens. 2. The SDR currency basket currently comprises the US Dollar, Euro, Chinese Renminbi, Japanese Yen, and British Pound Sterling. 3. The weights of currencies in the SDR basket are reviewed and adjusted by the IMF Executive Board every five years. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the Paris Club and international sovereign debt restructuring: 1. The Paris Club is a formal treaty-based international organization established under the charter of the United Nations. 2. China and India are permanent full members of the Paris Club. 3. The Paris Club operates on the principles of consensus, solidarity, information sharing, and comparability of treatment among creditors. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

With reference to macroeconomic adjustment policies in Argentina under President Javier Milei in 2025-2026, consider the following statements: 1. The government achieved a primary fiscal surplus through sharp reductions in public works, subsidies, and administrative expenditure. 2. Argentina successfully transitioned its economy to 100% gold-backed sovereign bullion currency, eliminating fiat money. 3. The administration engaged in negotiations with the IMF to manage heavy upcoming multilateral debt maturities. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Consider the following statements regarding the financial restructuring mechanisms for sovereign nations in default: 1. Unlike corporate bankruptcy, there exists no comprehensive statutory international bankruptcy court to resolve sovereign government defaults. 2. Collective Action Clauses (CACs) in sovereign bond contracts allow a qualified majority of bondholders to bind all bondholders to restructuring terms. 3. Debt-for-nature swaps allow a debtor country to restructure external sovereign debt in exchange for commitments to fund domestic environmental conservation. Which of the statements given above are correct?